Screening methods electrochemical

Fernandez JL, White JM, Sun YM, Tang WJ, Henkelman G, Bard AJ. 2006. Characterization and theory of electrocatalysts based on scanning electrochemical microscopy screening methods. Langmuir 22 10426-10431. 

A third screening method for arrays of electrocatalysts was recently introduced by Hillier and coworkers [15, 29, 30]. Using a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), a microelectrode tip is moved over an electrocatalyst array. The resulting electrochemical feedback currents are measured and used to generate an activity map of the electrocatalyst library. This method does not require individual electronic addressability for each electrocatalyst... 

The described high-throughput electrochemical screening method allows for the rapid, accurate and direct measurement of potential-current-time activity data in the primary synthesis and characterization step. 

Th. Reuvers, E. Perogordo and R. Jimenez, Rapid screening method for the determination of diethylstilbestrol in edible animal tissue by column liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, J. Chromatogr., 1991, 564, 477-484. 

Yu K-H, PiUai KM, NaUa P, Chyan O. Study of bimetallic corrosion related to Cu intercoimects using micropattem corrosion screening method and Tafel plots. J Appl Electrochem 2010 40(1) 143—9. 

Besides SECM, other speetroseopie mefliods, such as scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (SDEMS) and IR thermography, were also used as combinatorial screening methods for fuel cell electrocatalysis. The principle of SDEMS is to use mass spectrometry to locally measure dissolved gases and volatile liquid species near flie surfaces of catalyst arrays. IR thermography is based on reaction heat mapping. The heat results from the fuel cell electrochemical reactions on the catalyst arrays. Both methods can obtain reaction... 

In order to screen mutants with improved direct electron transfer, it is necessary to use an electrochemical screening system. Currently, only a few electrochemical screening methods were described in literature such as the system developed by the Bartlett group used to screen NADH electro-oxidation. This system uses a multichannel potentiostat with sixty electrodes to screen zinc(n) or ruthenium(ii) complexes bearing the redox phenidione as a mediator for NADH oxidation. It allows the complete evaluation of the electrochemical kinetic constants of the mediators and the immobilization procedure. Unfortunately, this system could only be used with a single electrolyte solution for all the electrodes (e.g., when a single reaction condition or enzyme is assayed), and it requires mL-scale reaction volumes. Recently, another system was described which makes it possible to screen bioelectrocatalytic reactions on 96 independent electrodes screen-printed onto a printed-circuit-board. It showed the possibility to screen direct or mediated electron transfer between oxidoreductases and electrode by intermittent pulse amperometry at the pL-scale (Fig. 6). The direct electron transfer assay was validated with laccase and unmodified electrodes.As an example of the mediated electron transfer assay, the 96 carbon electrodes were modified by phenazines to sereen libraries of a formate dehydrogenase obtained by directed evolution. ... 

Blasco, A., Rogerio, M., Gonzalez, M. and Escarpa, A. (2005) Electrochemical Index as a screening method to determine total polyphenolics in foods a proposal. Anal. Chim. Acta, 539,237-244. 

Choudhry, N.A., Kampouris, D.K., Kadara, R.O. etal. (2009) Next generation screen printed electrochemical platforms non-enzymatic sensing of carbohydrates using copper(II) oxide screen printed electrodes. Anal. Methods, 1,183. 

Aqueous chemical solution deposition a fast screening method for alternative high-k materials applied to Nd20s as a case study. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett, 10, G15-G17. 

Once we have developed our basic model and shown how it may be used to estab-hsh trends in electrochemical reactivity, we will take the further step of applying it to the identification of new bimetallic electrocatalysts. We will introduce simple procedures to rapidly screen bimetallic alloys for promising electrocatalytic properties, and we will demonstrate the importance of including estimates of the alloys stabihty in the screening procedure. Finally, we will give examples of successful apphcation of this method to specific problems in the area of electrocatalyst development. 

The above results demonstrate that computational screening is promising technique for use in electrocatalyst searches. The screening procedure can be viewed as a general, systematic, DFT-based method of incorporating both activity and stability criteria into the search for new metal alloy electrocatalysts. By suggesting plausible candidates for further experimental study, the method can, ultimately, result in faster and less expensive discovery of new catalysts for electrochemical processes. 

R.M. Pemberton, T.T. Mottram, and J.P. Hart, Development of a screen-printed carbon electrochemical immunosensor for picomolar concentrations of estradiol in human serum extracts. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 63, 201-212 (2005). 

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