Schrieffer, John

Schrieffer, John Robert (1931- ) received the Nobel Prize in physics with Bardeen and Cooper for the BCS... 

Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer, which, from their initials, was called BCS theory. 

Superconductivity has not only been beneficial to science and technology but also has been highly rewarding to its scientists. Thus far, Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded on four occasions to scientists working in this area. The first of these was for the discovery of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes, awarded in 1913. In 1972 the prize went to John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer for the BCS theory. The following year (1973), the Prize was awarded to Brian Josephson, L. Esaki and I. Giaever for the... 

Kamerlingh Onnes, at the University of Leiden, discovered superconductivity in 1911. He found that the resistance of some metallic wires became zero at very low temperature it did not just approach zero, there was no dissipation of heat. At that time his laboratory was the only one equipped for studies at the temperature of liquid He (bp 4.1 K). Theoretical explanations of the phenomenon did not appear until the work of John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer in 1957. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972. The expense and difficulty of applying superconductivity to practical problems limits the applications. Nevertheless, superconductor magnets of very high field are now widely used in NMR in chemistry and the medical diagnostic applications of NMR called MRI (magnetic resonance imaging—they wanted to avoid the word "nuclear ). 

The modern theory of superconductivity was advanced in 1957 by three American physicists—John Bardeen, who had won the Nobel Prize the year before for inventing the transistor Leon N. Cooper, an expert in quantum theory (a theory developed in the 1920s to account for certain phenomena that could not be explained by classical physics) and John R. Schrieffer, who had specialized in electrical engineering before he switched to physics. 

BCS theory The modern theory of superconductivity. Named after John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John R. Schrieffer. 

Bardeen (along with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer) won a second Nobel Prize in 1972 for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called (using the last initials of the three scientists) the BCS theory. In essence, BCS theory explains the phenomenon of superconductivity in Type I superconductors—metals, such as mercury, lead, and niobium. 

John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer 1917 Charles Glover BarkJa... 

Bardeen, John, Robert J Schrieffer and Leon N Cooper (1972)/or their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCES - theory Bednorz, J George, K Alexander Muller (1987)/or their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials, Lee, David M, Douglas D Osheroff and Robert C Richardson (1996)/br their discovery of superfluididity in helium-3 1 Samuel 5 6-12 and Sassoon Dale, p228 Josephus, Antiquities 6 1.1 1 Samuel 4 3ff... 

In 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes cooled a thread of pure mercury (1/20 mm or 0.002 inch diameter) in a capillary tube and found a smooth decrease in resistance as the temperature was lowered. At 4.2 K, he observed an abrupt decrease in resistivity from about 1/500 that at 273 K to 1/10 that at 273 K it reduced to about 1/10 at 1.5 K. Resistance had virtually disappeared and solid mercury became a superconductor at these incredibly low temperatures. Similar superconductivity transitions were observed by Kamerlingh Onnes for tin (3.8 K) and lead (6 K). The thermal motions of the atoms, associated with defects in conducting electricity, drastically decrease below the superconducting temperature (X). Heike Kamerlingh Onnes won the 1913 Nobel Prize in ph) ics. The modern theory of superconductivity was developed in 1957 by three physicists at the University of Illinois, John Bardeen (1908-91), Leon N. Cooper (1930- ), and John Robert Schrieffer (1931- ). They shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics (Bardeen also shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics for invention of the transistor he is the only double Nobel laureate in physics). 

The nature and origin of superconductivity was described in 1957 by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer. Together they created the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) model. It occurs for many metals, alloys, intermetallic compounds, and doped semiconductors. The transition temperatures range from 92.5 K for Ybc CUjOg j, down to 0.001 K for the element Rh. And there are some materials that become superconducting only under high-pressure conditions. These materials all have to be extremely pure, even just one impurity in 10,000 atoms can severely affect the superconducting property. 

Bardeen, John (1908-1991) received the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics with Cooper and Schrieffer for the BCS theory. It was his second Nobel Prize He won his first in 1956 for his role in the invention of the transistor. 

The situation is different in a superconductor. In a conventional superconductor, the electric current cannot be resolved into individual electrons. Instead, it consists of bound pairs of electrons known as Cooper pairs. The Cooper pairs are named for physicist Leon N. Cooper who, with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, formulated the first successful model explaining superconductivity in conventional superconductors. A key conceptual element in this theory is the pairing of electrons close to the Fermi level into pairs through interaction with the crystal lattice. 

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the Nobel Prize In physics in 1956 for the discovery of the transistor. The importance of the transistor was recognized as soon as it was discovered. Although it was first demonstrated at the Bell Laboratories in December 1947, it wasn t announced until July 1,1948, after patent applications had been filed. John Bardeen was awarded a second Nobel Prize in physics in 1972, along with J. R. Schrieffer and Leon N. Cooper, for work on the theory of superconductivity. 

The BCS theory, however, developed in 1957 by three physicists, John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer, does estabhsh a model for the mechanism behind superconductivity. Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1972 for their theory. It was known that the flux quantum was inversely proportional to twice the charge of an electron, and it had also been observed that different isotopes of the same superconducting element had different critical temperatures. Actually, the heavier the isotope, the lower the critical temperature is. The critical temperature, in K, of an isotope with an atomic mass, M, expressed in kg.moT can be predicted by the following equation ... 

BCS Theory Explanation of superconductivity first proposed by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John R. Schrieffer (for which they won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics). This theory shows how interactions between electrons and atoms in a lattice result in the paired electrons responsible for zero electrical resistance. 

Books, 1988. John Schrieffer was one of the Nobel laureates who developed the BCS theory of superconductivity, and this introduction, considered as one of the best in the field, profits from his experience and expertise. 

Superconductivity in metals can be explained satisfactorily by BCS theory, first proposed by John Bardeen, Leon NeU Cooper, and John Roben Schrieffer in 1957. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972 for their work. BCS theory treats superconductivity using quantum mechanical effects, proposing that electrons with opposite spin can pair due to fundamental attractive forces between the electrons. At temperatures below Tc, the paired electrons resist energetic interference from other atoms and experience no resistance to flow. Superconductivity in ceramics has yet to be satisfactorily explained. 

Nobel prize for Physics John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer, for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory. 1977 Nobel prize for Physics Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott and John H. van Vleck, for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. 

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