Schematic of a particle accelerator

In principle, a direct electron accelerator consists of a high-voltage generator connected to an evacuated acceleration system. The different direct accelerators currently used employ similar methods for electron emission, acceleration, and dispersion the differences are in the design of their voltage generators. 

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Figure 4.13. Schematic diagram of a tandem accelerator source of high energy alpha particles.

Schematic diagram of a linear accelerator, which uses a changing electric field to accelerate a positive ion along a linear path. As the ion leaves the source, the odd-numbered tubes are negatively charged, and the even-numbered tubes are positively charged. The positive ion is thus attracted into tube 1. As the ion leaves tube 1, the tube polarities are reversed. Now tube 1 is positive, repelling the positive ion and tube 2 is negative, attracting the positive ion. This process continues, eventually producing high particle velocity.

A particle trap impactor with three different sets of geometrical parameters is presented in a schematic diagram in Figure 6.17. The design of the particle trap impactor is based on the particle cup (trap) impactor configuration of Kim et al. (2002). The sampling flow rates of Systems I and n are set at 5 Lmin , and the acceleration nozzle diameter is calculated from the Stokes number, Stk. The Stokes number of a particle having a 50% probability of separation, Stkso, is defined as follows ... 

The schematic of gas-particle jet interaction zone is shown in Fig. 1. The configuration of this zone (milling zone) differs in dependence on a jet flow regime (subsonic a) or supersonic b)). The diameter of an accelerating nozzle equals Dj. Parameters of a mixture at... 

The AeroSizer, manufactured by Amherst Process Instmments Inc. (Hadley, Massachusetts), is equipped with a special device called the AeroDisperser for ensuring efficient dispersal of the powders to be inspected. The disperser and the measurement instmment are shown schematically in Figure 13. The aerosol particles to be characterized are sucked into the inspection zone which operates at a partial vacuum. As the air leaves the nozzle at near sonic velocities, the particles in the stream are accelerated across an inspection zone where they cross two laser beams. The time of flight between the two laser beams is used to deduce the size of the particles. The instmment is caUbrated with latex particles of known size. A stream of clean air confines the aerosol stream to the measurement zone. This technique is known as hydrodynamic focusing. A computer correlation estabUshes which peak in the second laser inspection matches the initiation of action from the first laser beam. The equipment can measure particles at a rate of 10,000/s. The output from the AeroSizer can either be displayed as a number count or a volume percentage count. 

Figure 14.8 Schematic view of components of a cyclotron. A pulse of beam particles starts in the center of the machine and is accelerated across the gap, circles through the drift space inside the D-electrode, and is accelerated again when it returns to the gap. Eventually the beam reaches the edge of the machine and can be extracted along a tangent. [From Krane, 1988.]...

A schematic diagram of a cyclotron. The ion is introduced in the center and is then pulled back and forth between the hollow D-shaped electrodes by constant reversals of the electric field. Magnets above and below these electrodes produce a spiral path that expands as the particle velocity increases. When the particle has sufficient speed, it exits the accelerator and is directed at the target nucleus. 

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