Schematic diagram of process

Figure 15.34. Schematic diagram of process for fabricating polyimide waveguides.

Figure 10.41. Schematic diagram of processes involved in the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. (After Berner and Lasaga, 1989.)... 

FIGURE 14-12 Schematic diagram of process control for single screw extrusion. 

Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of process flow stress paths for elements of material undergoing extrusion through a conical die of small semi-angle, and a uniaxial tensile test...

FIGURE 18.I-3 Schematic diagram of process using UF for recovery of polyvinyl alcohol size. 

Figure 14.4.1 Schematic diagram of processes that can occur at a modified electrode. P represents a reducible substance in a film on the electrode surface and A, a species in solution. Processes shown are ...

Figure 12.21 Schematic diagram of process zone in ductile fracture specimen...

Figure 13.21 Schematic diagram of process zone in ductile fracture specimen. (Reproduced with permission from Wu, ]. and Mai, Y.-W. (1996) The essential fracture work concept for toughness measurement of ductile polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2275. Copyright (1996) John Wiley Sons, Ltd.)...

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of manufactured tube, showing the scaling rule and in (a) the area that was captured by the shearography process in the following figures.

Figure Bl.10.2. Schematic diagram of a counting experiment. The detector intercepts signals from the source. The output of the detector is amplified by a preamplifier and then shaped and amplified friitlier by an amplifier. The discriminator has variable lower and upper level tliresholds. If a signal from the amplifier exceeds tlie lower tlireshold while remaming below the upper tlireshold, a pulse is produced that can be registered by a preprogrammed counter. The contents of the counter can be periodically transferred to an online storage device for fiirther processing and analysis. The pulse shapes produced by each of the devices are shown schematically above tlieni.

Figure C2.4.4. Schematic diagram of tire transfer process of LB fiims onto a hydrophiiic substrate. Verticai upward and downward strokes resuit in hydrophobic and hydrophiiic surfaces, respectiveiy.

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of an extractive drying process that produces aerogels at ambient pressure. Reproduced from Ref. 49.

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of a UOP Sorbex process. D, E, F, R, and. f represent flow rates for desorbent, extract, feed, raffinate, and net sobds.

A schematic diagram of a six-vessel UOP Cyclesorb process is shown in Figure 15. The UOP Cyclesorb process has four external streams feed and desorbent enter the process, and extract and raffinate leave the process. In addition, the process has four internal recycles dilute raffinate, impure raffinate, impure extract, and dilute extract. Feed and desorbent are fed to the top of each column, and the extract and raffinate are withdrawn from the bottom of each column in a predeterrnined sequence estabUshed by a switching device, the UOP rotary valve. The flow of the internal recycle streams is from the bottom of a column to the top of the same column in the case of dilute extract and impure raffinate and to the top of the next column in the case of dilute raffinate and impure extract. 

A schematic diagram of the polymer precipitation process is shown in Figure 8. The hot polymer solution is cast onto a water-cooled chill roU, which cools the solution, causing the polymer to precipitate. The precipitated film is passed through an extraction tank containing methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol to remove the solvent. Finally, the membrane is dried, sent to a laser inspection station, trimmed, and roUed up. The process shown in Figure 8... 

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the solvent extraction purification of wet-process phosphoric acid.

Fig. 26. Schematic diagram of akraft recovery boiler, where ( " ) indicates primary and (-) secondary process streams (29).

Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of the coal hquefaction section of the Exxon donor solvent (EDS) process. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 145.

Figure 3 shows a simple schematic diagram of an oxygen-based process. Ethylene, oxygen, and the recycle gas stream are combined before entering the tubular reactors. The basic equipment for the reaction system is identical to that described for the air-based process, with one exception the purge reactor system is absent and a carbon dioxide removal unit is incorporated. The CO2 removal scheme illustrated is based on a patent by Shell Oil Co. (127), and minimises the loss of valuable ethylene in the process. 

Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Dynamics It is common in industry to manipulate coolant in a jacketed reacdor in order to control conditions in the reacdor itself. A simplified schematic diagram of such a reactor control system is shown in Fig. 8-2. Assume that the reacdor temperature is adjusted by a controller that increases the coolant flow in proportion to the difference between the desired reactor temperature and the temperature that is measured. The proportionality constant is K. If a small change in the temperature of the inlet stream occurs, then depending on the value or K, one might observe the reactor temperature responses shown in Fig. 8-3. The top plot shows the case for no control (K = 0), which is called the open loop, or the normal dynamic response of the process by itself. As increases, several effects can be noted. First, the reactor temperature responds faster and faster. Second, for the initial increases in K, the maximum deviation in the reactor temperature becomes smaller. Both of these effects are desirable so that disturbances from normal operation have... 

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