Schematic diagram of oxidation

Fig. 1.6.1 Schematic diagram of oxide UFP formation apparatus. (From Ref. 4.)...

Fig. 10.3. Schematic diagram of oxide-assisted growth of SiNWs by thermal evaporation.

Figure 4.16 The schematic diagram of oxide snow ball removal mechanism.

FIG. 25-54 Schematic diagrams of various modifications of the activated-sludge process, a) Conventional activated sludge. (h) Step aeration, (c) Contact stabilization, (d) Complete mixing, (e) Pure o gen. (f ) Activated hiofiltration (ABF), (g) Oxidation ditch. 

Fig. 6-11. Schematic diagram of the kraft pulping process (6). 1, digester 2, blow tank 3, blow heat recovery 4, washers 5, screens 6, dryers 7, oxidation tower 8, foam tank 9, multiple effect evaporator 10, direct evaporator 11, recovery furnace 12, electrostatic precipitator 13, dissolver, 14, causticizer 15, mud filter 16, lime khn 17, slaker 18, sewer.

Fig. 14. Top High-resolution stereo micrograph of an FPL-etched 2024 aluminum surface. Bottom Schematic diagram of the oxide stmcture. Diagram is from Refs. [9,59].

Fig. 7.14 Schematic diagram of stages of low-alloy steel oxidation in CO/CO2...

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of active, passive, transpassive, and polishing states. M2+ (aq), dissolved metal ion MO, metal oxide or hydroxide M, metal atom.

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the measurement of the ionic conductivity of a conducting polymer membrane as a function of oxidation state (potential), (a) Pt electrodes (b) potentiostat (c) gold minigrid (d) polymer film (e) electrolyte solution (0 dc or ac resistance measurement.133 (Reprinted with permission from J. Am Chem Soc. 104, 6139-6140, 1982. Copyright 1982, American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 9.23. Schematic diagram of the apparatus (a, left) and of the electrochemical cell-reactor (b, right) used for H2 oxidation on Pt/Nafion.35 Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.

A schematic diagram of cyclohexane oxidation airlift loop reactor is illustrated in Fig.l. This reactor consists of outer vessel (riser), coneentric draft-tube(downcomer) and gas... 

Figure 14.17 Schematic diagram of the ThermoElectron liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry chemical oxidation reactor...

Figure 10.17. (a) Schematic diagram of the nanowire dye-sensitized solar cell. Light is incident through the bottom electrode, (b) SEM cross section of a solution-fabricated ZnO nanowire array on fluorine-doped tin oxide. The wires are in direct contact with the substrate. Scale bar, 5 pm. Reproduced from Ref. 41, Copyright 2005, with permission from the Nature Publishing Group. 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an engine and emission control system The microcomputer also reads signals from sensors measuring other engine operating parameters. In some emission control systems, the three-way catalyst is followed by supplementary air injection and an oxidizing catalyst to provide additional control of CO and hydrocarbon emissions.

Figure 11.7 is a schematic diagram of a fluidized-bed roaster for oxidizing zinc concentrate (ZnS) to ZnO as part of the process for making Zn metal ... 

Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of the potential energy surfaces for the reduced and the oxidized state.

Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of the flow system used for batch and continuous oxidation of DAS (Diacetone-L-sorbose) with a swiss roll cell with an anode area of 3 m2...

Fig. 37. Schematic diagram of the Ag(I/II)/nitric acid (DNE) electrochemical oxidation process [283, 304]...

A schematic diagram of the cation flow method for generating N-acyliminium ion 2 is shown in Fig. 5. A solution of carbamate 1 is introduced into the anodic compartment of electrochemical microflow cell, where oxidation takes place on the surface of a carbon fiber electrode. A solution of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) was introduced in the cathodic compartment, where protons are reduced to generate dihydrogen on the surface of a platinum electrode. A-Acyliminium ion 2 thus generated can be analyzed by an in-line FT-IR analyzer to evaluate the concentration of the cation. The solution of the cation is then allowed to react with a nucleophile such as allyltrimethylsilane in the flow system to obtain the desired product 3. 

Fig. 2.1. Schematic diagram of design considerations for monolithic or hybrid metal-oxide-based sensor systems...

Figure 4.2 — (A) Schematic diagram of an ammonia-N-sensitive probe based on an Ir-MOS capacitor. (Reproduced from [20] with permission of the American Chemical Society). (B) Pneumato-amperometric flow-through cell (a) upper Plexiglas part (b) metallized Gore-Tec membrane (c) auxiliary Gore-Tec membrane (d) polyethylene spacer (e) bottom Plexiglas part (/) carrier stream inlet (g) carrier stream outlet. (C) Schematic representation of the pneumato-amperometric process. The volatile species Y in the carrier stream diffuses through the membrane pores to the porous electrode surface in the electrochemical cell and is oxidized or reduced. (Reproduced from [21] with permission of the American Chemical Society).

Fig. 5.19 Schematic diagram of the evolution of straight nanotubes at constant anodization voltage (a) Oxide layer formation, (b) pit formation on the oxide layer, (c) growth of the pit into scallop shaped pores, (d) metallic part between the pores undergoes oxidation and field assisted dissolution, (e) fully developed nanotubes with a corresponding top view.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of applied contact pads with gold film, silver paste and gold wire. (Ref. Sugimoto, I., Tajima, Y., Hikita, M., Low Resistance Ohmic Contact for Oxide Superconductor Eu-Ba-Cu-O, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 L864 (1988).

Figure 5.29 is a schematic diagram of a DRIFTS apparatus that has been applied to studying the reactions of the components of sea salt particles with various oxides of nitrogen. As the reactions occur, nitrate, which absorbs strongly in the infrared, is formed on the salt surface. Since the reactant solids do not absorb in the infrared, the increase in nitrate with time can be readily followed and used to obtain reaction probabilities. 

FIGURE 8.9 Schematic diagram of effect of pH on the rate constant k and on the concentration of dissolved StlV) and its total rate of oxidation represented by [S(IV)] for two cases (a) rate constant k decreases with pH (b) k increases with pH. 

The physical and chemical complexity of primary combustion-generated POM is illustrated in Fig. 10.1 (Johnson et al., 1994), a schematic diagram of a diesel exhaust particle and associated copollutants. The gas-phase regime contains volatile (2-ring) PAHs and a fraction of the semivolatile (3- and 4-ring) PAHs. The particle-phase contains the remainder of the semivolatile PAHs ( particle-associated ) along with the 5- and 6-ring heavy PAHs adsorbed/absorbed to the surface of the elemental carbon spheres that constitute the backbone of the overall diesel soot particle. Also present is sulfate formed from oxidation of sulfur present in the diesel fuel and gas- and particle-phase PACs. 

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