Scanning transmission electron fundamentals

Three major advancements in resolution have occurred since Hookes s discovery of the optical microscope in 1665 [46]. In 1873, Ernst Abbe established fundamental criteria for the resolution limit in optical microscopy [47], which did not exceed the range of a couple of 100 nanometers even after the introduction of the confocal optical microscope [43,48]. The invention of the transmission electron microscope by Ernst Ruska in 1933 extended the resolution of microscopes to the nanometer scale [49]. Finally, scanning tunnelling microscopy introduced, by Binnig and Rohrer in 1981, made a breakthrough when atomic... 

Due to the fundamental importance of the adsorbed protein film, many methods have been used to characterize its nature. These methods include ellipsometry (3,A), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (5,6), multiple attenuated internal reflection spectroscopy (MAIR) (7,8) immunological labeling techniques (9), radioisotope labeled binding studies (j ), calorimetric adsorption studies (jj ), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CDS) (12), electrophoresis (j ), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) (1 ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (15,16,9), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (17-19). 

Fundamental for the characterization of polymer grafting surface are microscopy techniques, i.e. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Attenuated Total Reflection-Eourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR spectroscopy). 

Electronic microscopy (EM) plays a key role in the characterization of catalysts. The imderstanding of some aspects of these techniques becomes a sine qua non condition in catalysis [1]. Although the literature is relatively wide in fundamentals and applications [2], this chapter will present a brief summary on scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). 

Microscopes are commonly identified by the radiation used, as optical or electron microscopes. A more fundamental distinction is whether the image is formed all at once, by lenses, or sequentially, point by point, by scanning. In computer terms, these would be described as parallel and serial transmission of information respectively. A TV image is an example of an image formed by scanning. The conventional optical microscope and the trans-... 

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