Scanning electron microscopy SEM studies

Equilibrium fluid cracking catalysts were obtained from several U.S. refineries. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed on these materials by mounting all equilibrium FCC s onto indium foil without coating the samples in an AMRAY model 1810 D SEM. 

X-ray diffraction technique is a non-destructive analytical technique that reveals information about crystallographic structure, chemical composition and physical properties of nanostructured materials. UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in the quantitative determination of films of nanostructured metal oxides. The size, shape (nanocomb and nanorods etc,) and arrangement of the nanoparticles can be observed through transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies. Surface morphology of nanostructured metal oxides can be observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out by a Cambridge S4 Stereoscan. X-ray patterns were obtained by a Rigaku-DmaxB apparatus, using a Fe-filtered Coka radiation. FT-IR spectroscopy patterns were obtained by a Perkin Elmer 1720 apparatus. 

The effect of branch distribution of LLDPE on the crystallization of HDPE/ LLDPE blends has also been investigated. The DSC and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of Lee et al. (68) found that aZiegler-Natta-catalyzed LLDPE-B having a relatively heterogeneous branch distribution (179,000 Mw, 4.2 PDl, and 16 ethyl branches per 1000 backbone carbons) cocrystallizes with HDPE (147,000 Mw and 3.7 PDl) in a wide range of blend compositions, and at the same time. 

As described in the preceding sections, the surfaces of A1 alloys, Zn and steel, when exposed to aqueous solutions containing sufficient levels of R salts to inhibit corrosion, with the exception of steel in add solution (I. Singh and M. Singh 1987), become covered with a film of R hydroxide or hydrated oxide. The presence of these films is assodated with significantly reduced rates of corrosion. It is clear therefore that these films inhibit corrosion. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have indicated that the topography and structure of these films are complex, and that while the structure and composition of the film may differ with each spedfic substrate, the films possess many common features (Hinton and Amott 1989). 

The structures of the palladium sulfides have been confirmed clearly by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study [26]. When Pd(OAc)2 dissolved in alkyne in the presence of y-terpinene is allowed to react with cyclohexanethiol upon microwave heating, nanostructured Pd species (Pd nanobelts) is formed in 85% yield. y-Terpinene acts as an excellent radical trapper and suppresses the formation of anfi -Markovnikov addition product 3 by radical pathway. On the other hand, the addition of thiols to Pd(OAc)2 followed by addition of alkyne leads to amorphous particles in the pm-size region. The formed Pd nanobelts exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward the hydrothiolation of aUcynes. In particular, the hydrothiolation with aUcanethiols proceeds efficiently with excellent regioselectivity upon microwave heating (Scheme 6). 

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