Scale evaluation

Activated carbons for use in Hquid-phase appHcations differ from gas-phase carbons primarily in pore size distribution. Liquid-phase carbons have significantly more pore volume in the macropore range, which permits Hquids to diffuse more rapidly into the mesopores and micropores (69). The larger pores also promote greater adsorption of large molecules, either impurities or products, in many Hquid-phase appHcations. Specific-grade choice is based on the isotherm (70,71) and, in some cases, bench or pilot scale evaluations of candidate carbons. 

There is a Gas Research Institute (GRI) evaluation of a solid-based scavenger (Sulfa Treat ). Full-scale evaluations have been conducted at a production plant in central Texas. The reference is GRI-95/0161. 

Mueller JG, SE Lantz, BO Blattmann, PJ Chapman (1991a) Bench-scale evaluation of alternative biological treatment processes for the remediation of pentachlorophenol- and creosote-contaminated materials solid-phase bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 25 1045-1055. 

McCarty PL, MN Goltz, GD Hopkins, ME Dolan, IP Allan, BT Kawakami, TJ Carrothers (1998) Full-scale evaluation of in situ cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene in groundwater through toluene injection. Environ Sci Technol 32 88-100. 

Field demonstration. A field demonstration is always necessary to supplement a bench-scale evaluation, as some technical issues cannot be undertaken in a laboratory environment. In addition, field data help address nontechnical issues. Proper planning is critical for the implementation of a successful demonstration to ensure that all monitoring equipment, construction, and quality control procedures are in place. 

The other major issue in reactor design concerns catalyst deactivation and membrane fouling. Both contribute to loss of reactor productivity. Development of commercially viable processes using inorganic membrane reactors will only be possible if such barriers are overcome. These subjects will receive greater attention as current R D efforts expand beyond laboratory scale evaluations into field demonstrations. 

Vane, L.M., Alvarez, F.R., and Mullins, B. Removal of methyl ferf-butyletherfromwater by pervaporation bench-and pilot-scale evaluations. Environ. Sci. Technol, 35(2) 391-397, 2001. 

Kim K.S., B.S. Oh, J.W. Kang, D.M. Chung, W.H. Cho, and Y. Choi (2005). Effect of ozone and GAC process for the treatment of micropollutants and DBFs control in drinking water. Pilot scale evaluation. Ozone Science and Engineering 27 69-79. 

The vendors state that data from bench- and pilot-scale evaluations of Diphonix resin should only be used as a general guide to applications of the technology to real-world applications. Each use of the technology will likely require site- and waste-specific evaluations before the initiation of treatment. Some metals (i.e., iron and aluminum) can interfere with the extraction of targeted radionuclides in mixed-waste applications. 

Fungi Perfecti and the Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory (Battelle) spent 4 years developing the Mycova mycoremediation technology. The technology has been tested during bench-scale evaluations and pilot-scale field demonstrations. According to the developers, the technology will require more research before it can be deployed on a commercial scale. 

IGT has developed a treatability protocol for the MGP-REM technology to determine cleanup rates and the preferred mode of treatment (landfarming, soil slurry, or in situ). The protocol consists of three phases Phase I is a feasibility test comparing a variety of techniques and is completed within 2 to 3 months phase II is a bench-scale optimization under simulated field conditions and phase III is the field-scale evaluation. 

Also in an industry where weight and space are at a premium ceramic substrates occupy a larger volume than would a unit of comparable catalytic activity manufactured using Fecralloy as the substrate. In the relatively short time that the alloy has been available for large scale evaluation it has already gained acceptance by many potential users in the automobile industry and, as a result, specialty steelmakers both in the U.S.A. and Britain are now able to offer tonnage quantities in various fabricated forms. 

The Fear Questionnaire (FQ) is a 24-item self-rated scale used mainly for assessments in phobias. One component of the scale evaluates phobic behavior associated with a number of situations, whereas another component assesses symptoms of anxiety, depression and general distress caused by phobia (Marks and Mathews, 1979). The social phobia, strongly related to social anxiety, and most of the subscales are significantly related to neuroticism. The FQ has been utilized in several trials of social anxiety disorder. 

LEMlEUX, P. M. 1994. Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the Potential for Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Combustion of Tire-Derived Fuel. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/ R-94-070. 

At the bench-scale Two basic bench-scale evaluations serve as relative indicators of potential segregation problems. Neither approach provides a quantitative result that correlates to what could be expected at a pilot or production scale however, they can be used as an indicator of the potential problems that may lie ahead. One approach is to sieve that blend and then assay individual screen cuts. If there is a wide variation of the assay across... 

Weissmahr, K. W., M. Hildenbrand, R. P. Schwarzenbach, and S. B. Haderlein, Laboratory and field scale evaluation of geochemical controls on groundwater transport of nitroaromatic ammunition residues , Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2593-2600(1999). 

This short-term pilot-scale evaluation was accomplished by testing various filtration units under the same set of process conditions. Not only did this work result in a final equipment specification, but revealed significant wafer fabrication process changes. The conclusions of this process design project are listed below ... 

Huck P M, Anderson W B, Savage E, von Borstel R C, Daignult S A, Rector D W, Irvine G A, Williams D T (1987) Pilot Scale evaluation of ozone and other drinking water disinfectants using mutagenicity testing, 8th Ozone world congress, Zurich, Switzerland, September, C29-C54. 

A pilot scale evaluation of a 15 gallon Beken Duplex Mixer for propellant manuf, conducted at PicArsn, indicated that it can be successfully substituted for other mixers, such as a sigma blade mixer... 

Wilce, M.C J., Aguilar, M.-L, and Heam, T.W. 1995. Physicochemical basis of amino acid hydrophobicity scales Evaluation of four new scales of amino acid hydrophobicity coefficients derived from RP-HPLC of peptides. Anal. Chem. 67 1210-1219. 

Table 10-3. Sample Items on a Graphic Rating Scale Evaluation Form... 

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