Savings analysis

We can reduce column length to maintain constant efficiency and save analysis time because compounds will elute earlier. For example, if we consider a 4.6 x 50 mm column with 5 fim particles and change to modem sub-2-micron (e.g., 1.8 fim) particles, we should achieve the same efficiency with a column only 18 mm long because N - L/dp. With the same flow rate, the compounds should elute 2.8 times earlier (5 /.un/1.8 /an). 

King-System Saving Analysis Time via Intelligent Use of Analysis Techniques... 

Figure 6.5 Comparison between HPLC and SFC. Both experimental curves have been obtained using the same compound on the same column, but, in one, a classic liquid phase and in the other, carbon dioxide in a supercritical state. The HETP are comparable - but the separation can be up to three times faster by SFC, thus saving analysis time.

The effect of SPME sorption (extraction) time on SPME efficiency was investigated by using three time intervals IS, 30, and 60 min. Table 3 lists the peak area ratios as a function of the sorption time. The SPME sorption time had no significant effect on SPME efficiency. In order to save analysis time, the 15-min sorption time was chosen for the remainder of this work. Since a typical GC run lasts approximately 20 min, shorter SPME extraction time is also more practical because both SPME and GC analysis can be performed simultaneously. 

None of the systems presently available on the market is capable of conducting a fully automatic method development without supervision. In order to save analysis time, it is advisable, as represented in Fig. 2, to critically and repeatedly analyze the intermediate results obtained during the development process and to judge the further course of development on the basis of one s own experiences and to realign it carefully. 

Although equations 5.13 and 5.14 appear formidable, it is only necessary to evaluate four summation terms. In addition, many calculators, spreadsheets, and other computer software packages are capable of performing a linear regression analysis based on this model. To save time and to avoid tedious calculations, learn how to use one of these tools. For illustrative purposes, the necessary calculations are shown in detail in the following example. 

Existing facihties present daily bulk soflds flow problems soflds flow testing and analysis saves many hours of expensive downtime and thousands of dollars, thus moving from the complication of quick-fix solutions that are not satisfactory, to proven engineering solutions that work every time. 

Suppose that an experiment were set up to determine the values of drag for various combinations of O, p, and ]1. If each variable is to be tested at ten values, then it would require lO" = 10, 000 tests for all combinations of these values. On the other hand, as a result of dimensional analysis the drag can be calculated by means of the drag coefficient, which, being a function of the Reynolds number Ke, can be uniquely determined by the values of Ke. Thus, for data of equal accuracy, it now requires only 10 tests at ten different values of Ke instead of 10,000, a remarkable saving in experiments. 

The functional relation ia equation 53 or 54 cannot be determined by dimensional analysis alone it must be suppHed by experiments. The significance is that the mean-free-path problem is reduced from an original relation involving seven variables to an equation involving only three dimensionless products, a considerable saving ia terms of the number of experiments required ia determining the governing equation. 

A thorough analysis should be made before production is stopped on a product that is losing money. Although direct costs of the discontinued product will be saved, overheads are not ehminated, as might be inferred from taking overheads as a percentage of direct material, direct labor, or prime costs. The plant is stiU there, together with its... 

General Considerations Most pressure vessels for the chemical-process industry will continue to be designed and built to the rules of Sec. T11, Division 1. While the rules of Sec. T11, Division 2, will frequently provide thinner elements, the cost of the engineering analysis, stress analysis and higher-quality construction, material control, and inspection required by these rules frequently exceeds the savings from the use of thinner walls. 

Once identified, the costs and/or savings are placed into their appropriate categories and quantified for subsequent analysis. Equipment cost is a function of many variables, one of the most significant of which is capacity. Other important variables include operating temperature and/or pressure conditions, and degree of equipment sophistication. Preliminary estimates are often made using simple cost-capacity relationships that are vahd when the other variables are confined to a narrow range of values. 

Nowadays the one of the leading cause of death in industrial country is Heart Failure (HF). Under the pathological conditions (e.g., Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)) the changes in the enzymes activity and ultrastructure of tissue were obtained. The behavior of trace elements may reflect the activity of different types of enzymes. Pathological changes affects only small area of tissue, hence the amount of samples is strictly limited. Thereby, nondestructive multielemental method SRXRF allow to perfonu the analysis of mass samples in a few milligrams, to save the samples, to investigate the elemental distribution on the sample area. 

In a different context, conformational analysis is essential for the analysis of molecular dynamics simulations. As discussed in Chapter 3, the direct output of a molecular dynamics simulation is a set of confonnations ( snapshots ) that were saved along the trajectory. These conformations are subsequently analyzed in order to extract information about the system. However, if, during a long simulation, the molecule moves from one... 

A further detail of this study included sensitivity analysis for the area of heat exchangers, discount rate, and fuel cost. The results are listed in Table 3-8. Option 2, the turboexpander scheme, was selected in terms of energy and maintenance savings, as well as enhanced reliability, availability, and safety. 

Fitting analysis. For this to be possible, an assembly sequence plan must be constructed and the difficulty of assembling each part in the sequence rated using the design for assembly analysis tables. Difficult assembly tasks and non-value added processes are revealed as candidates for correction by redesign. Simple concepts such as the ability to assemble in a layer fashion can result in major cost savings. 

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