SAVE study

Brown DM, Chen E, Mariani A, Major Jr JC, SAVE Study Group. Super-dose anti-VEGF (SAVE) trial 2.0 mg intravitreal ranibizumab for recalcitrant neovascular macular degeneration-primary end point. Ophthalmology February 2013 120(2) 349-54. http / /dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ophtha.2012.08.008. Epub 2012 November 3. PubMed PMID 23131717. 

The partition coefficient and aqueous solubility are properties important for the study of the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) of drugs. The prediction of the ADME-Tox properties of drug candidates has recently attracted much interest because these properties account for the failure of about 60 % of all drug candidates in the clinical phases. The prediction of these properties in an early phase of the drug development process could therefore lead to significant savings in research and development costs. 

A sequence of successive con figurations from a Mon te Carlo simulation constitutes a trajectory in phase space with IlypcrC hem. this trajectory in ay be saved and played back in the same way as a dynamics trajectory. With appropriate choices of setup parameters, the Mon te Carlo m ethod m ay ach leve ec nilibration more rapidly than molecular dynamics. Tor some systems, then. Monte C arlo provides a more direct route to equilibrium sinictural and thermodynamic properties. However, these calculations can be quite long, depentiing upon the system studied. 

Conceptual Design of MHD Repowered Plant. The first step toward MHD plant commercialization is a pilot-scale demonstration plant. Repowering of existing plants, actively under study both in the United States and elsewhere (65), allows use of existing systems at considerable cost savings compared to building a new plant from the ground up. It also ensures that the pilot scale demonstration occurs in a reaHstic utiHty environment and... 

Vinyl compares favorably to other packaging materials. In 1992, a lifecycle assessment comparison of specific packages made from glass, paperboard, paper, and selected plastics concluded that vinyl was the material that has the lowest production energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as the lowest fossil fuel and raw material requirements of the plastics studied (169). Vinyl saves more than 34 million Btu per 1000 pounds manufactured compared to the highest energy-consuming plastic (170). 

Problems can also arise when allocating overheads on the basis of direct labor cost. Let us consider a company that evaluates overheads at 125 percent of direct labor cost. A process plant employs seven operators, each with a direct cost of 10,000 per budget period. As a result of a works-study exercise, it is found that the plant can operate satisfactorily with six operators. The ac tual cost saving is hkely to oe far nearer to the direct labor savings of 10,000 per period than to the calculated saving of 10,000 -t- 10,000(125/100) = 22,500 per period. The 22,500 calculated saving is the direct labor cost plus overheads taken as 125 percent of the direct labor cost. 

If an option proves to be technically ineffective or inappropriate, it is deleted from the list of potential alternatives. Either follo ving or concurrent with the technical evaluation, an economic study is performed, weighing standard measures of profitability such as payback period, investment returns, and net present value. Many of these costs (or, more appropriately, cost saving may be substantial yet are difficult to quantify. (Refer to Economic Considerations Associated with Pollution Prevention.)... 

Although fluidized sand or alumina can also be used in the jacket of these somewhat larger reactors, the size makes the jacket design a problem in itself, hence these reactors are seldom used. An advantage of the jacketed reactor is that several—usually four—parallel tubes can be placed in the same jacket. These must be operated at the same temperature, but otherwise all four tubes can have different conditions if needed. This type of arrangement saves time and space in long-lasting catalyst life studies. Jacketed tubular reactors come close, but still cannot reproduce industrial conditions as needed for reliable scale-up. Thermosiphon reactors can be used on all but the most exothermic and fast reactions. 

A further detail of this study included sensitivity analysis for the area of heat exchangers, discount rate, and fuel cost. The results are listed in Table 3-8. Option 2, the turboexpander scheme, was selected in terms of energy and maintenance savings, as well as enhanced reliability, availability, and safety. 

Classic Side Studies and Their Results. Let s discuss briefly the classic side studies and even predict what the final results might be For air versus water cooling, the optimum temperature will probably lie in the range 120-150°F, so time can be saved by building initial cases therein. 

Commercial computer computation services are being set up to provide shortcut calculation options. These provide considerable savings for preliminary design studies. 

Field studies have revealed a significant potential for energy saving by modern industrial air technology. For example, one study revealed great varia-... 

For many processes, one or more predominant factors effectively minimize the number of possibilities for plant location. Raw material and transportation costs may be such that a plant must be located near a source. Thus, only the sites near to sources of raw material need be studied and these may be few in number. Similarly, labor requirements may be hear y enough to eliminate cities below a certain size. These and other factors serve as effective screening agents that save both time and money. 

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