Saturated oil

When the pressure of a volatile oil or black oil reservoir is above the bubble point, we refer to the oil as undersaturated. When the pressure is at the bubble point we refer to it as saturated oil, since if any more gas were added to the system it could not be dissolved in the oil. The bubble point is therefore the saturation pressure for the reservoir fluid. 

Solution gas drive (or depletion drive) Gas cap drive Water drive with a large underlying aquifer Undersaturated oil (no gas cap) Saturated oil with a gas cap Saturated or undersaturated oil... 

Many attempts have been made to characterize the stabiUty of the colloidal state of asphalt at ordinary temperature on the basis of chemical analysis in generic groups. For example, a colloidal instabiUty index has been defined as the ratio of the sum of the amounts in asphaltenes and flocculants (saturated oils) to the sum of the amounts in peptizers (resins) and solvents (aromatic oils) (66) ... 

Hydrogenation of fats and edible oils H2 + unsaturated oil Ni Saturated oil... 

S) Formation Volume Factor is barrels of saturated oil . 2620 pgi gauge and 220. p. per barrel of stock... 

Thus it is possible to calculate the number of naphthenic rings of saturated oil fractions from the specific refraction and molecular weight by means of equation (15). The number of rings can also be determined from Fig. 4, in which the relationship between r c, M and Rn (besides that between %H, M and Rn) has been constructed by means of equation (15), which has been transformed into... 

Acetone-Pis an unstable, white powder or crystalline mass with a melting point of 90 to 93 Celsius. The solid is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and tetrahydrofuran. It is quite unstable and is rarely used in military or commercial explosives. However it can be utilized as a primary explosive in blasting caps or detonators when desensitized with appropriate materials. To do so, it should be mixed with gum Arabic, carbon black, tri sodium phosphate, chalk, or silicon dioxide powder, and then mixed with a small amount of paraffin s or saturated oils prior to use. Acetone-P can also be slurried with 10% water and 5% hexane for use in blasting caps or detonators. Pure acetone-P should not be used by itself, as it will decay over time potentially leading to explosions. Acetone-P is rather volatile, and a small sample left out in the open will completely evaporate after several days—partly due to decomposition. Acetone-P can also be used in initiating compositions when mixed with sulfur nitride or other primary explosives, and then added to a small amount of a saturated oil. The sulfur nitride and other primary explosives can be replaced by bari urn chromate, copper perchlorate, or lead chromate. Even when acetone-P has been successfully desensitized, it should be used withi n 2 weeks of preparation. ... 

Coconut oil is considered a saturated oil. From Table 1, it can be seen that coconut oil has approximately 92% saturated fatty acid, from caproic to stearic, and only around 8% unsaturated fatty acid, composed of oleic acid and linoleic acid. 

The main reservoir unit is the Lower Jurassic Tilje Formation, which has its shallowest depth at 2700 m MSL and proven oil down to 3098 m MSL (Fig. 3). Recoverable oil reserves are estimated to be 32 MS m. The secondary He reservoir contains a saturated oil accumulation with a free gas cap. 

Figure 10.17 illustrates the pressure and saturation changes that occur during an alkaline waterflood. Shown are typical pressure gradients and oil saturations during a flood of a sand-packed column previously waterflooded to residual oil saturation. Oil and water flow simultaneously ahead of the alkaline water front. Note the sharp gradient in oil saturation that occurs at the front (Figure 10.17c), and the rise and fall in pressure gradient behind the alkaline water front (Figure 10.17b). The schematic (Figure 10.17d) illustrates what is observed microscopically.

Another benefit of chemical technology is the ability to manipulate the chemical structure of molecules. Hydrogenation uses a chemical reaction to convert unsaturated to saturated oils. Many plant oils are polyunsaturated with double bonds in the cis- form as shown at left. These molecules contain rigid bends in them. Complete hydrogenation creates a flexible straight-chain molecule that permits more area for London dispersion forces to form intermolecular bonds. The result is... 

Chapter 6 deals with hydrogenation processes, usually based on the use of bifunctional catalysts. Plastic and rubber degradation in a hydrogen atmosphere is an effective treatment yielding highly saturated oils. Coliquefaction of plastics or rubber with coal is also considered. 

Critical examination of the data plotted in Figs. 16-3 and 16-4 reveals that aromatic content is not the only constituent which influences the viscosity index. Table 16-12 shows data taken from these graphs for the structural type content of various oil fractions at three different levels of viscosity index. It is obvious that the rise in the viscosity index from 100 to 140 for saturated oils as plotted in Fig. 16-3b cannot be ascribed to decrease in aromatic content. The decrease in the content of condensed-ring naphthenes from 34% to 18% and... 

Oil industry has a long history of application of NMR spectroscopy for characterization of crude oils, products and oil fractions. The methodology has been mainly ID proton- or carbon-detected experiments. Quantitative NMR and NMR experiments have been used in estimation of aromatic, olefin, naphtene and paraffin proportions in the samples. ° A more detailed characterization has been obtained using various ID carbon-detected experiments, like GASPE, CSE, QUAT and DEPT to obtain quantitative CH sub-spectra. " The goal of characterization of the oil fractions and quantification of certain structural features has been to find correlation between these features and the product properties (e.g. viscosity index, pour point). Due to environmental concerns oil companies are nowadays more interested in development of lubricant base oils that have low aromatic and olefin contents. Hydrogenation of unsaturated components also improves the stability of the base oils, which is an important property for the end-product. Quantitative analysis of a saturated oil fraction with NMR is a major challenge. When the oil fraction contains only aliphatic compounds, the spectrum width that contains the resonances narrows to ca. 1 ppm in the NMR spectrum and ca. 50 ppm in NMR spectrum. This causes excessive... 

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