False colors

False color images of adjacent flame interactions in the FF configuration. A torus of fresh reactants is formed in this case. 

The data can be visualized in several formats. In a gel image, the optical density at each point is related to the fluorescence intensity false color images can be used to improve the dynamic range of visualization. We usually employ a logarithmic compression to help visualize the wide dynamic range of the data the image can be processed to saturate the most intense components, allowing observation of less intense components. 

Figure 4. False-color optical profile images of ball wear surface for metal/metal contact...

The FL-SUN gdgorithm compares the reference spectra with the emission spectra of each pixel in the image. Exact localization of fluorescent dye is presented in false color taking intensity differences into account. 

Figure l6 Scanned image of an entire trailer truck. This B/W image is typically presented as a false color image to enhance attenuation information about the contents. The imaging system is optimized to accommodate the characteristics of human visual response. 

Fig. 8 Fluorescence micrograph of 0.025 mm area of PE film a before oligothiophene formation showing no fluorescence and b after oligomerization show even fluorescence due to the presence of oligothiophene throughout the interface. The figures here are false colored white to show no fluorescence in (a) and gray to show fluorescence in (b)...

Electron microprobes can be used in spot mode to measure the chemical compositions of individual minerals. Mineral grains with diameters down to a few microns are routinely measured. The chemical composition of the sample is determined by comparing the measured X-ray intensities with those from standards of known composition. Sample counts must be corrected for matrix effects (absorption and fluorescence). The spatial resolution of the electron microprobe is governed by the interaction volume between the electron beam and the sample (Fig. A.l). An electron probe can also be operated in scanning mode to make X-ray maps of a sample. You will often see false-color images of a sample where three elements are plotted in different colors. Such maps allow rapid identification of specific minerals. EMP analysis has become the standard tool for characterizing the minerals in meteorites and lunar samples. 

False-color image of ozone levels over the Northern Hemisphere, recorded by NASA s total-ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). Purple and blue areas are areas of ozone depletion green through red areas are areas of higher-than-normal ozone levels. 

FIGURE 9.18 A false- color satellite image of the ozone hole over Antarctica on September 26, 2002. The lowest ozone concentrations are represented by the black and violet regions, where ozone levels are up to 50% lower than normal. 

Fig. 15 Fluorescence imaging of citrate in a microtiter plate via the EuTc probe by rapid lifetime determination (in false colors). The concentration of EuTc is 50 pmol I. 1 throughout citrate concentrations (from left to right) are 0, 0.16, 0.4, 1.0, 1.6, 4.0, 10.0, 16.0, 20., 40.0, 60.0 and 80.0 pmol L-1...

Figure 5.1 (a) FTIR image of a PB-E7 blend, (b) False color composite of absorbance distribution... 

Fig. 7. False color image of fluorescent intensities on a GeneChip array that analysis sequences within the HIV-1 genome...

FIGURE 2 Spatial distribution of PCs, PEs, and Pas in porcine lens visualized in false colors and measured with MALDI-MS (from ref. 23). 

FIGURE 7.16 DC discharge plasma formed in a chamber (1000 x 350 x 150 pm) at 750 Torr, 500 V, and 60 pA. (A) Original image. (B) False-color image of the same plasma [718]. Reprinted with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. 

Figure 17 shows a potential application of the MLP to the analysis of a multifrequency, reflective interferometric THz image of a suicide bomber. Each pixel, or group of pixels such as a row, is analyzed using a trained MLP. The resulting false-color image would indicate to an operator the presence of an explosive. 

But again, there are at least anecdotal reports that adults, too, may overextend qualities of symbols and referents. For example, adults often become confused when vegetation is represented by red (as it is on false color satellite images), or as when water is represented in brown (as when a New York City subway map had to be recalled because the brown used to represent rivers confused so many users). As reviewed next, confusions are not confined to interpretations of individual symbols, but are also found in the interpretation of the spatial properties of maps. 

Figure 4 The 384-channel parallel multidispensing of (a) 1 jiL and (b) 200 nL aliquots out of one aspiration into empty wells. The false color maps on the left show the DFM values of the dispensed aliquots over the plate. The color code for the DFM values is shown in a look up table (vertical bars on the right-hand side of the two plate maps). The histograms show the distribution of the DFM values around the mean (average) aliquot volume. The false color map, the DFM histogram, and the stated values for %Bias, %CV, and min/max %DFM in (a) and (b) refer to one representative plate from the 24 replica plates produced in a replication cycle for (a) 1 pL and (b) 200 nL aliquots, respectively. Roche uses the first 2 columns (2 X 16=32 wells) in each 384-well plate for standards and controls since columns 1 and 2 are not filled with compounds, they are not included in the false color maps...

Fig. 16. Signals obtained using a streak camera, (a) Image obtained from the streak camera measurements (1024 x 1344 pixels) where each pixel indicates the value of the optical density at the corresponding time and wavelength (in false colors, increasing absorbance from blue to red), (b) Spectrum measured 65 ps after the electron pulse, (c) Kinetic profile at 570 5 nm.

Figure 19.1 (A) 2D projection of the calculated local field intensity distribution around a pair of 15 nm diameter silver nanoparticles excited with Xi = 400 nm light polarized along the interpaiticle axis. The edge-to-edge particle separation is 2 nm and the free space incident light intensity Ej,x P taken to be unity. The local field intensity near the pair is shown in false color. The calculation was done using dipole-dipole approximation (DDA) method with each dipole unit being a square with sides of 0.2 nm. (B) Model of the photophysics of a molecule represented by a three level system and how the excitation and decay dynamics are affected by plasmon enhancement of radiative rates and the introducticm of a rate for quenching Icq of the excited state due to proximity to the metal surface. E (X ) and E (X2) are the field enhancements at the position of the molecule for the excitation and emission wavelengths respectively, kn and kMR represent the radiative and non-radiative decay rates of the molecule in the absence of plasmon enhancement.

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