Sandarac

Sandarac [9000-57-1] Sandblasting Sand casting Sand cores Sander Cramer test Sandimmun(e) Sand-lime brick Sand mills Sandofan... 

Sandarac. This resin, which originates in Morocco, is a polar, acidic, hard resin with a softening point of 100—130°C, an acid number of 117—155, and a saponification number of 145—157. Sandarac [9000-57-1] is soluble in alcohols and insoluble in aryl and aUphatic hydrocarbons. It is used in varnishes and lacquers for coating paper, wood, and metal. 

Sandarak, Sandarach, m. realgar sandarac. Sandarak-gummi, -harz, n. sandarac resin, sandarac. 

Wacholder, m. juniper, -beere,/. juniper berry, -branntwein, -gelst, m. (Holland) gin. -harz, n. juniper resin gum juniper (sandarac). -61, n. juniper oil (brenzhches) oil of cade, -spiritus, m. (Pharm.) spirit of juniper, -teer, m. juniper tar, oil of cade. 

Morse s Powder (or Explosive). Inexpensive expl mixts, invented by C.A. Morse in 1880, consisting of NG and resin (colophony, copal, shellac, sandarac), with or without the addition of a nitrate or chlorate. The ingredients were disd in a common solvent, such as methanol, grained as the solvent distd off. Typical examples are 1)NG 25, rosin 75%(mixed with 50p methanol) 2) NG 10, rosin 22, K nitrate 68% (mixed with 20p methanol)... 

Natural resins Pine resins, sandarac, copals, mastic, dammar, amber, frankincense, benzoe, styrax, myrrh, (plant resins) shellac (animal resin) tar and pitch (from thermal treatment of plant resins or wood) Varnishes, coatings, waterproofing materials, paint binders, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

Cupressaceae Juniper, Cupressus, Tetraclinis articulata (sandarac) Pimaradienic acids (sandaracopimaric acid), communic acid, totarol... 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

Of the Cupressaceae family, sandarac (from Tetraclinis articulata) has frequently been used as a paint varnish. It contains labdane compounds that account for the polymeric fraction of the resin (about 70%) [31]. The main monomeric diterpenoid present is sandaracopimaric acid, together with smaller amounts of 12-acetoxysandaracopimaric acid. Phenols, including totarol, are also present [31]. 

Pyrolysis in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM)-GC/MS allowed the identification of high- and low-molecular weight components in manila Copal and sandarac fresh and artificially aged samples. The pyrograms showed signals due to the polymer fraction and to free diterpenoids [43]. THM-GC/MS has also been used to determine the molecular composition of Pinaceae resins, allowing the study of fresh, naturally and artificially aged samples [16, 44 46]. 

Py-GC/MS characterisation of diterpenoid resins using online trimethilsilylation with HMDS has been performed on fresh Pinaceae resins, manila Copal, sandarac, and Copaiba... 

D. Scalarone, M. Lazzari and O. Chiantore, Ageing behaviour and analytical pyrolysis char acterisation of diterpenic resins used as art materials Manila copal and sandarac, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol.,68 69, 115 136(2003). 

The terpenoid resins commonly used as artists materials were colophony, Venice turpentine, mastic, dammar, copals and sandarac, and most of the scientific literature concerning the identification of Old Master varnishes and the study of their degradation focuses on these resins. 

In Pinaceae resins, for instance, fully trimethylsilylated derivatives of 7-hydroxy-DHA, 15-hydroxy-DHA and 15-hydroxy-7-oxo-DHA have been identified, as well as all the other abietadiene and pimaranediene acids present in these resins. The derivatization was ineffective on some labdane alcohols such as larixyl acetate, a marker compound for Venice turpentine, but in general labdane compounds have been identified in their trimethylsilylated form. Labdane acids, such as communic, agathic, agathalic, agatholic and acetoxy agatholic acids, that are among the most important constituents of sandarac... 

The so-called arsenic of the Greeks and Romans consisted of the poisonous sulfides, orpiment and sandarac, mined with heavy loss of life by slave labor (2). Both Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides were familiar with orpiment and realgar (sandarac) (70). The latter mentioned that Arsenicum and Sandaracha occur in the same mines, that sandarac has a brimstone-like odor, and that these two ores are roasted in the same manner (71). 

Fix according to custom the mercury obtained from arsenikon (orpiment) or sandaracli (realgar), or prepared as you know how project it upon copper and iron treated with sulphur and the metal will become white. 

Take pure sandarac (the resin) 1 lb., liquid (gum) ar-moniac, 1 lb., rub them together and put in a glazed earthen vessel carefully closed and luted with sapia (the lute of the philosophers), then let it be placed over the fire and liquefied. These are the signs of (completion) of this liquid, that placed upon wood it seems of the consistency of butter. Then add four lbs. of Greek pitch ( Alldtram ... 

The resins most used are copal, lac, dammar, sandarac, elemi. mastic, benzoin, amber, colophony and turpentine. 

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