Sample optical microscopy

The properties and performance of cemented carbide tools depend not only on the type and amount of carbide but also on carbide grain size and the amount of biader metal. Information on porosity, grain size and distribution of WC, soHd solution cubic carbides, and the metallic biader phase is obtained from metaHographicaHy poHshed samples. Optical microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy are employed for microstmctural evaluation. Typical microstmctures of cemented carbides are shown ia Figure 3. 

Nojima et al. [160] examined the nature of spherulites in blends of PCL with 8-caprolactone-butadiene diblock copolymers. Blends were prepared by solventcasting mixtures of the components, using a series of block copolymers and PCL samples. Optical microscopy showed that all blends investigated, and cast at... 

NSOM Near-Held scanning optical microscopy [103a] Light from a sharp tip scatters off sample Surface structure to 3 nm... 

The detection of Hquid crystal is based primarily on anisotropic optical properties. This means that a sample of this phase looks radiant when viewed against a light source placed between crossed polarizers. An isotropic solution is black under such conditions (Fig. 12). Optical microscopy may also detect the Hquid crystal in an emulsion. The Hquid crystal is conspicuous from its radiance in polarized light (Fig. 13). The stmcture of the Hquid crystalline phase is also most easily identified by optical microscopy. Lamellar Hquid crystals have a pattern of oil streaks and Maltese crosses (Fig. 14a), whereas ones with hexagonal arrays of cylinders give a different optical pattern (Fig. 14b). 

Similar to prepared metallographic samples, the injection molded samples were cut along the flow direction, smoothed, and polished in order to expose their internal surface. After proper etching, the treated surfaces of the flank cross-section were photographed using a polarized light optical microscopy. Based on the color differences between the TLCP and matrix, volume fraction and aspect ratio of the TLCP fibers were measured [23]. 

A most recent commercial Nano Indenter (Nano Indenter XP (MTS, 2001)) consists of three major components [66] the indenter head, an optical/atomic force microscope, and x-y-z motorized precision table for positioning and transporting the sample between the optical microscopy and indenter (Fig. 28). The load on the indenter is generated using a voice coil in permanent magnet assembly, attached to the top of the indenter column. The displacement of the indenter is measured using a three plate capacitive displacement sensor. At the bottom of the indenter rod, a three-sided... 

The treatment of LB films of copper behenate (10-50 layers) with H2S gas resulted in formation of the semiconductor CU2S [177]. In this case, the LB films of behenic acid alone were formed and then exposed to solutions of copper chloride. Conversion of the carboxyl groups to carboxylate groups upon copper complexation was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Resistivity measurements versus temperature confirmed the formation of semiconducting CU2S in one case, and showed a linear increase in log(R) versus IT K). All of the samples became insulators on exposure to air maintaining the conductivity required storage under vacuum. The formation of CuiS sheets in some of the sample was concluded from optical microscopy and resistivity data. 

Hg data indicates a pore throat size of 15 pm. The overlay of the two results identify the pore throat and pore body. (C) Optical microscopy of the 30-pm thin section of the Berea sample. The pore spaces are indicated by the blue regions, which were impregnated with blue epoxy prior to sectioning. Figure from Ref. [51] with permission. 

Preliminary room temperature x-ray data of 0.65 Me4C00-PECH indicates that the sample presents a highly ordered smectic mesophase which was not yet completely assigned. The textures seen by polarized optical microscopy are also typical of smectic phases. Due to the very high molecular weights involved, textures specific to mesophase in thermodynamic equilibrium could not be developed within a reasonable amount of time by annealing. 

The lateral structure was studies by optical microscopy, and contrast arises from the fact that after irradiation of the samples with the ion beam in the TOF-ERDA apparatus, the PBrxS-rich structures appear darker than those rich in dPS, giving an excellent contrast (Figure 4.30). 

We use optical microscopy to examine samples at magnifications from about 5x up to approximately l,000x. Samples may be examined using either transmitted or reflected light, depending on the nature of the sample and the information that we are seeking. 

Optical microscopy is often coupled with infra-red spectroscopy. We use the optical portion of the instrument to identify regions of interest, onto which we direct a highly focused infra-red beam. We obtain an infra-red spectrum from the radiation that penetrates the sample. The region of interest may be as small as 250 pm (250 x iff"6 m) In diameter. We can compare the spectrum with a library of reference samples in order to identify the chemical structure of the area of interest. Polymer scientists make extensive use of this technique when examining multi-layer samples or when performing contaminant analyses. 

Figure 8.5 Monitoring the in vivo time course of P. yoleii malaria infection in mice inoculated with live parasites at day 0.15 (Upper trace) Parasite count obtained by microscopy of blood smear, folded with anemia model from the literature (para-sites/vol) = (parasites/RBC) x (RBC/vol). (Lower trace) Integrated LDMS heme signal from 300 shots across three consecutive sample wells each sample (30 pil) is processed following protocol C, and examined on a commercial LD TOF instrument. Infection is more easily and more rapidly discerned both at earlier and later times by LDMS, compared to the traditional optical microscopy examination.

In the first LDMS-based detection of malaria in human subjects (unpublished), lOOpl P. falciparum or P. v/vax-infected blood samples, grouped into three different parasitemia ranges—low (10-150 parasites/pl), mid (2 x 103 parasites/pl), and high (25 x 103-60 x 103 parasites/pl)—have been examined using both sample preparation protocols. Parasitemia levels in these samples were previously determined independently for each sample by optical microscopy examination of blood smears. The LDMS data clearly indicate that... 

Antiblock additives can be seen on the surface of films using optical microscopy or SEM. Identification can normally be achieved with internal reflection IR spectroscopy (e.g., with a germanium crystal to minimise sampling depth) or using an X-ray attachment with the electron microscope. 

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