Salts basic solutions from

Saponification (Section 20 11) Hydrolysis of esters in basic solution The products are an alcohol and a carboxylate salt The term means soap making and denves from the process whereby animal fats were converted to soap by heating with wood ashes... 

The paratungstates are generally crystallised from slightly basic solutions. By far the most important salt is ammonium paratungstate [1311 -93-9] (NH 2o 12 40 known as the heavy form of commercial ammonium paratungstate. It is usually formed by crystallisation from a boiling... 

Carbonates. Basic zirconium carbonate [37356-18-6] is produced in a two-step process in which zirconium is precipitated as a basic sulfate from an oxychloride solution. The carbonate is formed by an exchange reaction between a water slurry of basic zirconium sulfate and sodium carbonate or ammonium carbonate at 80°C (203). The particulate product is easily filtered. Freshly precipitated zirconium hydroxide, dispersed in water under carbon dioxide in a pressure vessel at ca 200—300 kPa (2—3 atm), absorbs carbon dioxide to form the basic zirconium carbonate (204). Washed free of other anions, it can be dissolved in organic acids such as lactic, acetic, citric, oxaUc, and tartaric to form zirconium oxy salts of these acids. 

In each case the mechanism involves generation of an aryl radical from a covalent azo compound. In acid solution diazonium salts are ionic and their reactions are polar. When they cleave, the product is an aryl cation (see p. 852). However, in neutral or basic solution, diazonium ions are converted to covalent compounds, and these cleave to give free radicals ... 

Tetrazolium salts are unstable in basic solutions yielding intense colors. This reaction is still little understood.233,234 In the reaction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium with hydroxide, it is postulated that a hydroxide ion is involved first as a counterion later leading to the hypothetical A-hydroxy-formazan (147).229 Weiner studied the kinetics of this reaction and identified 1,3,5-triphenylformazan in 10% yield. In concentrated alkaline solutions, the A-hydroxytetrazole (148) has been isolated from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (Scheme 19).235,236... 

E—Sodium nitrite is a salt of a weak acid and a strong base. Ions from strong bases, Na+ in this case, do not undergo hydrolysis, and do not affect the pH. Ions from weak acids, NO2 in this case, undergo hydrolysis to produce basic solutions. 

Make a mixture of 43 g of ethyl a-keto-y-dimethylamino-butyrate p-acetylphenylhydrazone and 430 g of polyphosphoric acid and heat slowly with stirring. At 60-65° an exothermic reaction should be noticed with foaming (this will require you to have chosen a larger than normal reaction vessel). Raise the temp (gradually) to 102-109° and hold for 2 hours. Cool to 70° and pour the viscous solution into 700 ml of ice-water. Mix into complete solution with good stirring, make basic at a low temp, and extract with three 400 ml portions of chloroform. Combine the extracts and dry over sodium sulfate, then evaporate in vacuo. Add the residue to 150 ml of ethanol and mix into complete solution. Treat with ethanolic HCl and allow to stand overnight (12 hours). Filter off the precipitated salt and recrystallize from 95% ethanol. Yield 37%, mp 211-214°. 

A salt formed from a strong base and a weak acid dissolves in water to give a basic solution. 

Experiments at pressures of one kilobar and above indicate that talc is produced between 100-300°C (Hohling, 1958). However, its occurrence in salt deposits (Braitsch, 1971 Fuchtbauer and Goldschmidt, 1959) and carbonates (Millot, 1964) indicate that it continues to be stable at lower temperatures. The experimental work of Siffert (1962) indicates that talc could be precipitated from concentrated basic solutions (pH > 9) where other magnesian silicates such as sepiolite and trioctahedral montmoril-lonite are not stable. 

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