Salt movement

Figure 5.6 Cross-section showing the various types of trap that may be associated with salt movement domal trap (A) fault traps (B and C) pinchout traps (D) turtle-back or sedimentary anticline (E) truncation trap (F) (from Elements of Petroleum Geology, by Robert C. Selley. Copyright ( ) 1985 by W.H. Freeman and Company. Reprinted by...

Wagenet, R.J. Principles of salt movement in soils. In Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems, Nelson, D.W. Elrick, D.E. Tanji, K.K., Ed. SSSA Special Publ. No. 11,... 

The closer similarities in fluid properties between the low maturity Chalk oils (i.e. those in the Joanne accumulation), and the Palaeocene condensates, suggests that leakage from the Chalk has also occurred over the Joanne structure. Leakage may have occurred during fracturing of the seal as a result of further salt movement or may be due to capillary failure of the Maureen Marl due to the petroleum column within the Chalk. 

Jackson, J. S. Hastings, D. S. 1986. The role of salt movement in the tectonic history of Haltenbanken and Traenabanken and its relationship to structural style. In Spencer, A. M. (ed.) Habitat of Hydrocarbons in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Graham Trotman, 241-257. 

THE TRANSLOCATION OF SALTS From the evidence that cellulose cell walls are readily permeable to water and to salt ions it would seem that salts could travel through living tissues by diffusion in the cell walls. However, various factors (such as illumination) which tend to divert salts from the cytoplasm into the central vacuole seem to reduce markedly the export of salts to surrounding cells. This suggests that salt movement from cell to cell in a living tissue may involve the protoplasmic continuity of cells via plasmodesmata. Further, if the hypothesis of minute mobile ion-rich vesicles is correct one might visualise that these can travel, not only across the cytoplasm to the central vacuole but through cytoplasmic connections into adjacent cells. 

Considering the root, it would seem that salt movement across the cortex could proceed to the parenchyma surrounding the xylem conducting elements entirely within the cytoplasmic continuum (the... 

Liquid ammonia, which boils at 240 K, is an ionising solvent. Salts are less ionised in liquid ammonia than they are in water but, owing to the lower viscosity, the movement of ions through liquid ammonia is much more rapid for a given potential gradient. The ionisation of liquid ammonia... 

A variety of methods have been devised to stabilize shales. The most successful method uses an oil or synthetic mud that avoids direct contact between the shale and the emulsified water. However, preventing direct contact does not prevent water uptake by the shale, because the organic phase forms a semipermeable membrane on the surface of the wellbore between the emulsified water in the mud and the water in the shale. Depending on the activity of the water, it can be drawn into the shale (activity lower in the shale) or into the mud (activity higher in the shale) (95—97). This osmotic effect is favorable when water is drawn out of the shale thus the aqueous phase of the oil or synthetic mud is maintained at a low water activity by a dding a salt, either sodium chloride or more commonly, calcium chloride. The salt concentration is carried somewhat above the concentration required to balance the water activity in the shale to ensure water movement into the mud. 

Electrodialysis. Electro dialysis processes transfer ions of dissolved salts across membranes, leaving purified water behind. Ion movement is induced by direct current electrical fields. A negative electrode (cathode) attracts cations, and a positive electrode (anode) attracts anions. Systems are compartmentalized in stacks by alternating cation and anion transfer membranes. Alternating compartments carry concentrated brine and purified permeate. Typically, 40—60% of dissolved ions are removed or rejected. Further improvement in water quaUty is obtained by staging (operation of stacks in series). ED processes do not remove particulate contaminants or weakly ionized contaminants, such as siUca. 

As in die case of die diffusion properties, die viscous properties of die molten salts and slags, which play an important role in die movement of bulk phases, are also very stiiicture-seiisitive, and will be refeiTed to in specific examples. For example, die viscosity of liquid silicates are in die range 1-100 poise. The viscosities of molten metals are very similar from one metal to anodier, but die numerical value is usually in die range 1-10 centipoise. This range should be compared widi die familiar case of water at room temperature, which has a viscosity of one centipoise. An empirical relationship which has been proposed for die temperature dependence of die viscosity of liquids as an AiTlienius expression is... 

Brine-polymer systems are composed of water-salt solutions with polymers added as viscosifers or filtration control agents. If fluid loss control is desired, bridging material must be added to build a stable, low permeability bridge that will prevent colloidal partial movement into the formation. 

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