Saline solution infusion rate

The short lived positron-emitter Rb-82 (t 1/2=1.26m) has potential application in cardiovascular diagnostic nuclear medicine. A generator system containing the parent Sr-82 has been developed that will provide an eluate of Rb-82 suitable for direct infusion. The Rb-82 is eluted by a syringe pump from a hydrous stannic oxide column in a continuous stream of physiological saline solution. The rate of elution (infusion) can be controlled from 10 to 100 ml/ min. At elution rates of 25, 50, and 75 ml/min,... 

Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were elevated by infusion of a lipid emulsion and heparin with a constant rate of 1.5 ml/min (lipid emulsion, protocols [1] and [3]) and 0.4 lU/kg per minute (heparin). In protocol [2] a solution of 0.9% saline was infused as a control for the lipid emulsion. 

The dose of ammonium chloride can be calculated on the basis of the chloride deficit using the same method as for HCl, using the conversion of 20 g ammonium chloride providing 374 mEq of H . However, only half of the calculated dose of ammonium chloride should be administered so as to avoid ammonia toxicity. Ammonium chloride is available as a 26.75% solution containing 100 mEq in 20 mL, which should be further diluted prior to administration. A dilute solution may be prepared by adding 100 mEq of ammonium chloride to 500 mL of normal saline and infusing the solution at a rate of no more than 1 mEq/min. Improvement in metabolic stams is usually seen within 24 hours. CNS toxicity, marked by confusion, irritability, seizures, and coma, has been associated with more rapid rates of administration. Ammonium chloride must be administered cautiously to patients with renal or hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic dysfunction, impaired conversion of ammonia to urea may result in increased ammonia levels and worsened encephalopathy. In patients with renal failure, the increased urea synthesis may exacerbate uremic symptoms. ... 

Discrete intennittent boluses may result in wide fluctuation in semm levels and erratic clinical effects. Therefore, after the Initial dose It Is preferable to give 2-PAM as a continuous intravenous infusion in a 1% solution (1 g in 100 mL saline) at a rate of 200-500 mg/h (children, 5-10 mg/kg/h) and titrate to the desired clinical response. 

Extracts of the samples being taken are prepared similarly. Dilutions of the extract of the standard and of that of the sample being tested are made with saline solution so that the concentrations of ethanol are equal and do not exceed 10 per cent. These diluted extracts are infused intravenously at a slow uniform rate into guinea-pigs anaesthetised with urethane (0 007 ml/g of a 25 per cent w/v solution injected intraperitoneally) and maintained under artificial respiration. 

Many animal species excrete more calcium if fed an acid or acidforming compounds. In the calf, Steenbock and coworkers (13) observed hypercalciuria and acidic urine after feeding hydrochloric acid to the calf. Stehle (14) pointed out that calcium represented the main long-term fixed base to be lost in the urine of the dog loaded with excessive amounts of hydrochloric acid. Walzer and Browder (15) demonstrated that when infused with a sulfate containing solution, the dog excreted several fold more acid and calcium than saline-infused controls the increased calcium loss returned to normal upon removal of the sulfate. Marone, et al. (16) demonstrated increased excretion of calcium in the acidotic dog. Correction of the acidosis reduced the excessive fractional calcium excretion rate, but did not alter sodium excretion. 

Usual dose 125 mg (10 mL) diluted in 100 mL normal saline, infused over 60 minutes may also be administered as a slow IV injection (rate of 12.5 mg/min). 100 mg undiluted at a rate not to exceed 50 mg (1 mL) per min 100 mg into the dialysis line at a rate of 1 mL (20 mg of iron) undiluted solution per minute... 

Acutely, the use of saline infusion accompanied by administration of loop diuretics enhances urinary calcium excretion. Calcitonin, mithramycin and corticosteroids decrease calcium movement from bone. Reduced intake of calcium and corticosteroids decrease intestinal absorption of calcium. Short-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is effective for the rapid removal of calcium from the blood in crisis situations, especially in patients with renal failure or congestive heart failure. Prolonged hemodialysis, however, is not a therapeutic solution because of its impracticality and high complication rate. 

E. Begin intravenous infusion of normal saline (NS), 5% dextrose in NS (DSNS), 5% dextrose in half NS (D5W 0.45% sodium chloride), or 5% dextrose in water (D5W) at a keep-open rate for children, use 5% dextrose in quarter NS (D5W 0.25% sodium chloride). If the patient is hypotensive (see p 16), NS or another isotonic crystalloid solution is preferred. 

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