Salacia

Despite the broad medical potentials reported so far, the total synthesis of triterpene QMs is yet to be reported. On the contrary, the biosynthesis of triterpene QMs has recently been validated as from the oxidosqualene 88 (Scheme 8.16) in the plants including Maytenus aquifolium and Salacia campestris.10S With the assistance of HPLC analysis and isotopic labeling, it was found that triterpene QMs 90 were formed only in the root of these plants from friedelin 89 and similar cyclized intermediates, which were synthesized in the leaves from oxidosqualene by cyclase. 

Morikawa, T. Kishi, A. Pongpiriyadacha, Y. Matsuda, H. Yoshikawa, M. Structures of new friedelane-type triterpenes and eudesmane-type sesquiterpene and aldose reductase inhibitors from Salacia chinensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1191-1196. 

The triterpenoid constituents, 3p,22(3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid (85), tingenone (86), tingenine B (87 22(3-hydroxytingenone), regeol A (88) and triptocalline A (89) isolated from Salacia chinensis L. (family Celastraceae), were examined on rat lens for aldose reductase inhibitory activity the test compounds 85-89 were evaluated to exhibit rat lens aldose reducatse inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 26,13, 7.0,30, and 14 /rM, respectively. ... 

A novel 13-membered ring thiocyclitol (214), isolated from Salacia reticulata Wight (family Hippocrateaceae), showed promising a-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 maltase, 0.227 /tM sucrase, 0.186 //M isomaltase, 0.099 however, it did not inhibit a-amylase from porcine pan-... 

Kishi A, Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. (2003) Structures of new friedelane- and norfriedelane-type triterpenes and pPolyacylated endes-mane-type sesquiterpene from Salacia chinensis Linn. S. prinoides DC., Hippocrateaceae) and radical scavenging activities of principal constituents. Chem Pharm Bull 51 1051-1055. 

Yoshikawa M, Shimoda H, Nishida N, Takada M, Matsuda H. (2002) Salacia reticulata and its polyphenolic constituents with lipase inhibitory and lipolytic activities have mild antiobesity effects in rats. J Nutr 132 1819-1824. 

Li Y, Peng G Li Q, Wen S, Huang TH-W, Roufogalis BD, Yamahara J. (2004) Salacia oblonga improves cardiac fibrosis and inhibits postprandial hyperglycemia in obese zucker rats. Life Sci 75 1735-1746. 

Yoshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda H. (2001) Polyphenol constituents from Salacia Species Quantitative analysis of mangiferin with a-glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi 121 371-378. 

Karunanayake EH, Sirimanne SR. (1985) Mangiferin from the root bark of Salacia reticulata. J Ethnopharm 13 227-228. 

Ozaki S, Oe H, Kitamura S. (2008) a-Glucosidase inhibitor from Kothala-himbutu (Salacia reticulata Wight). J Nat Prod 71 981-984. 

Oe H, Ozaki S. (2008) Hypoglycemic effect of 13-membered ring thiocy-clitol, a novel a-glucosidase inhibitor from Kothala-himbutu Salacia reticulata). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72 1962-1964. 

L. Sim, K. Jayakanthan, S. Mohan, R. Nasi, B. D. Johnston, B. M. Pinto, and D. R. Rose, New glucosidase inhibitors from ayurvedic herbal treatment for type 2 diabetes Structures and inhibition of human intestinal maltase-glucoamylase with compounds from Salacia reticulata, Biochemistry, 49... 

S. Mohan and B. M. Pinto, Sulfonium-ion glycosidase inhibitors isolated from Salacia species used in traditional medicine, and related compounds, Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 74 (2009) 1117-1136. 

Kotalanol Salacia oblonga (Celastraceae) Rat intestinal maltase sucrase... 

Hydroxyierruginol (abietane diterpene) Salacia obbnga (Celastraceae) [root] AR (rat lens) (> 100)... 

The structure of salaspermic acid (143), a new friedelane hemiacetal from the stem and root wood of Salacia macrosperma, was confirmed by X-ray analysis of the rearrangement product (144). Six new oxygenated friedelanes have been isolated from Kokoona zeylanica. Kokoonol (145), kokoonidiol (146), and kokoononol (147) provide rare examples of C-27 oxygenation and zeylanol (148), zeylanonol U49), and zeylandiol (150) are 6/3-hydroxy-derivatives. ... 

Yoshikawa, M, Murakami, T, Shimada, H, Matsuda, H, Yamahara, J, Tanabe, G, Muraoka, O, Salacinol, potent antidiabetic principle with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from the ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata in Sri Lanka and India, Tetrahedron Lett., 38, 8367-8370, 1997. 

Yoshikawa, M, Murakami, T, Yashiro, K, Matsuda, H, Kotalanol, a potent a-glucosidase inhibitor with thiosugar sulfonium sulfate stmcture, from antidiabetic A3mrvedic medicine Salacia reticulata, Chem. Pharm. Bull, 46, 1339-1340, 1998. 

An interesting thiosugar, salacinol 45, containing sulfur atoms in two different oxidation states was isolated and found to be the active principle of the Indian plant Salacia reticulata which is used in local traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes [96]. The compound was shown to be a potent inhibitor of intestinal a-glucosidases comparable in its activity with the powerful aminosugar derivative acarbose [97]. Kotalanol (46), a chain-extended homolog of salacinol, was discovered around the same time [98]. 

The optical inactive stilbenolignan, maackoline (791) [344], has the same planar structure as cararosin A (790) [345], but the latter is optically active [a]D-3.71°. Lehmbachol D (792) isolated from Salacia lehmbachii, has the same planar structure but the stereochemistry has not been established [269]. Other stilbenolignans include compounds 117, 118, 124 and 125. As they all possess a stilbene skeleton, so they are all classified into the group E of stilbenes. 

Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. Bunga Enuresis, Cough, Bums, Predictions, Repeated infant mortality (R) Water boiling or maceration water maceration powder water maceration... 

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