Saccharide isomerates

Mixtures of sugars, saccharide isomerates, have been shown to be effective humectants. These isomerates mimic those found naturally in skin as a result of the hydrolysis of glucosylceramides. In clinical studies Smith113 has shown that these isomerates reduce the visual appearance of dry skin, increase skin hydration, and reduce stinging to lactic acid. 

Smith, W. Reduction of AHA irritation potential by inclusion of a saccharide isomerate, SOFW, 121, 1013, 1995. 

Pentavitin . See Saccharide isomerate Pentene, homopolymer. See Polypentene 4-Pentenoic acid... 

Sabosol T 40. See TEA-lauryl sulfate Sabosorb ML. See Sorbitan laurate Sabosorb MO. See Sorbitan oleate Sabosorb MP. See Sorbitan palmitate Sabosorb MS. See Sorbitan stearate Sabosorb TO. See Sorbitan trioleate Sabowax TC 30. See PEG-5 glyceryl stearate Sabowax TC 82. See PEG-1 sorbitan isostearate Saccaluronate CC Saccaluronate CW, Saccaluronate LC. See Sodium hyaluronate Saccharase. See Invertase Saccharated lime (INCI). See Calcium saccharate Saccharide isomerate CAS 100843-69-4... 

Hydrolyzed fibronectin Hydrolyzed silk Isopentyidiol Lactamide DGA Lauryl PCA Phytantriol Polyquaternium-51 Quaternium-22 Saccharide isomerate Silk amino acids Sodium pantothenate Sodium polyaspartate Soluble collagen Tricontanyl PVP humectant, skin conditioners Wheat amino acids humectant, skin soothing preps. 

High fmctose com symps (HFS, HFCS, isosymp, isoglucose) are concentrated carbohydrate solutions containing primarily fmctose and dextrose as well as lesser quantities of higher molecular weight saccharides. A 42 wt % fmctose symp is produced by partial enzymatic isomerization of dextrose hydrolyzate. 

These results indicate that, during thermolyses of fructose-containing saccharides, di-D-fructose dianhydrides are formed readily, but subsequent isomerization is extremely slow—even in the presence of added acid. However, under these conditions, the protonating power of any acid is moot. At the high temperatures used, residual water would be driven off rapidly, unless the reaction vessel is pressurized therefore, reaction occurs in the anhydrous melt. It is presumably protonation of one of the ring oxygen atoms in the dianhydrides that constitutes the first step in isomerization, followed by scission of a C-O bond to yield one of the oxocarbenium ion intermediates postulated in Refs. 31 and 80. Such ions have also been postulated as intermediates in the isomerization of spiroketals to a more-stable product. This latter isomerization can be extremely facile 104 dilute aqueous acid,120 or non-aqueous Lewis-acid conditions121 have been used to effect such transformations. 

Deuterated and tritiated tin hydrides have been used to prepare deuterated saccharides93 and tritiated steroids46 from alkyl bromides, (equations 68 and 69). It is important to note that isomerization has occurred at the chiral reaction centre in the saccharide reaction (equation 68). For the steroid, the tin hydride reaction is regiospecific, i.e. it only reacts at the more reactive bromide rather than the less reactive chloride site and does not react with the keto group, the hydroxyl group or the acetal group. 

The mucic acid test is now only of historical interest. It depends on the oxidation of galactose or saccharides containing a galactose residue, such as lactose, with nitric acid to yield mucic acid. Mucic acid is highly insoluble in water, while the isomeric dicarboxylic acids yielded by other sugars are soluble. Mucic acid may be identified by its characteristic thallium salt. 

High fructose syrups are purified aqueous solutions of nutritive saccharides obtained from edible starch in which a portion (at least 42%) of the dextrose (D-glucose) has been isomerized to fructose. 

Sarex (1) [Saccharide extraction] A version of the Sorbex process, for separating fructose from mixtures of fructose and glucose. The usual feed is com syrup. The adsorbent is either a proprietary zeolite or an ion-exchange resin. Unlike all the other Sorbex processes, the solvent is water. The process depends on the tendency of calcium and magnesium ions to complex with fructose. The patents describe several methods for minimizing the dissolution of silica from the zeolite. The process is intended for use with a glucose isomerization unit, so that the sole product from com syrup is fructose. Invented by UOP in 1976 by 2003, five plants had been licensed. 

Reaction monitoring and structure determination have often used the more reliable off-bead analytical characterization. Isomeric oligosaccharides have the same MW, thus hampering MS techniques, and their NMR spectra are quite complex. Nevertheless, examples of significant % MAS NMR spectra of resin-bound saccharides have been reported (185). 

Aldol reaction of (5)-2-benzyloxypropanal with the lithium enolate of methyl 2-methoxy-propanoate gives a 7 2 1 mixture of (3-hydroxyesters (Scheme 13.70). After protection of the alcohol moiety, the isomeric mixture is reduced with LiAlH4 and the resulting primary alcohols separated by chromatography on silica gel. Oxidation of the major alcohol 223 (isolated in 40% yield) into an aldehyde is followed by Wittig methylenation. This provides 224. Hydroboration of 224 gives a primary alcohol that is oxidized (Swem) into aldehyde 225. Hydrogenation yields L-cladinose, a saccharide moiety of erythromycin A [127]. 

Endiols (4.80) can isomerize into other saccharides in the Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein rearrangement. Thus, D-glucose (5.4) can isomerize into mannose (5.81) and fructose, (5.1) accompanied by a small amount of D-psicose (5.83). Alkaline medium provides isomerization to disaccharides, which turn from aldoses into ketoses, as shown for lactose (5.7b) isomerized to lactulose (5.84). 

The conventional mass spectra obtained from saccharides transformed into their OTMS and -OCH3 derivatives were interpreted by using labeled derivatives. Systematic studies had never been performed on -OAc derivatives. However, in 1975, Das and Thayumanavan [230] studied various peracetylated disaccharides by their IKE spectra to resolve the ambiguity appearing in the El mass spectra of the isomeric peracetates of trehalose, sophorose, kojibiose, laminaribiose, maltose, melibiose and gentiobiose, all characterized by the same molecular weights (678). 

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