S-nitrosylation

Han P, Zhou X, Huang B et al (2008) On-gel fluorescent visualization and the site identification of S-nitrosylated proteins. Anal Biochem 377 150-155... 

Martinez-Ruiz, A., Lamas, S., Detection and proteomic identification of S-nitrosylated proteins in endothelial cells, Arch Biochem Biophys. 423 (2004), p. 192-199... 

S. H., Protein S-nitrosylation a physiological signal for neuronal nitric oxide, Nat. Cell Biol. (2001), p.3193-3197... 

Micromolar quantities of RNS are generated primarily by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), an enzyme that is up-regulated during colon-cancer progression. As discussed below, deoxycholate (DOC), a hydrophobic secondary bile acid, activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kB, resulting in increased levels of NOS2 and enhanced S-nitrosylation of proteins. Additional sources of bile-acid-induced ROS and RNS are also likely. ... 

M. Dall Agnol, C. Bernstein, H. Bernstein, H. Garewal and C. M. Payne, Identifieation of S-nitrosylated proteins after chronic exposure of colon epithelial cells to deoxycholate, Proteomics, 2006, 6(5), 1654. 

Hemoglobin was the first protein for which a regulatory action of S-nitrosylation has been clearly shown (Lia et al., 1996 Fig. 6.15). Hemoglobin (Hb) is a tetramer, composed of two a and two P chains. In man, each chain has a heme system and the P chains... 

Stamler, j. S., Simon, D. 1., Osborne, J. A., Mullins, M. E., Jaraki, O., Michel, T., Singel, D. J., and Loscalzo, j. (1992b). S-Nitrosylation of proteins with nitric oxide Synthesis and characterization of biologically active compounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 444-448. 

Nitrosyl complexes of both S = and S = are common. The S = nitrosyl complexes or iron and copper have slightly anisotropic g tensors (Ag/g < 2) with the anisotropy provided primarily by contributions of orbital angular momentum from the metal d orbitals. As an example, we consider the model proposed by Kon and Katakoa (1969) for ferroprotoheme-NO complexes, which is also applicable to the ferrous-nitrosyl complexes of heme proteins. In the complexes studied by these workers, the axial ligands are a nitrogenous base and NO. They proposed that the unpaired electron resides primarily in the metal d z orbital. The spin-orbit coupling would then mix contributions from the d, and dy orbitals. 

Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Giustarini D, Di Simplicio P, Colombo R, Rossi R. 2000. S-NO-actin S-nitrosylation kinetics and the effect on isolated vascular smooth muscle. / Muscle Res Cell Motil 21 171-181. 

Raman spectroscopy has been successfully used to detect nanomolar concentrations of biologically relevant molecules, to distinguish between structurally similar peptides (e.g. aEp3 and a5pi integrins [22]) and also to detect peptide S-nitrosylation and phosphorylation [23, 24]. Raman spectroscopy has been used to determine the functionalisation of carbon nanotubes and other particles with bioactive peptides (e.g. RGD), whereby their biofunctionalisation has enabled their accumulation at specific sites (e.g. tumours) within small animal models [25]. Furthermore, the in vivo distribution and... 

This mechanism may account partially for the stimulatory action of NO on transmitter release in hippocampal synapses (Schuman et al. 1994). Last but not least, NO may modulate cellular functions by S-nitrosylation of various proteins. For example, S-nitrosylation of nuclear proteins associated with cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein is involved in regulation of its DNA binding and, hence, CRE-mediated gene expression (Riccio et al. 2006). S-nitrosylation has also been reported to modify the function of various ion channels (Broillet and Firestein 1996, 1997 Xu et al. 1998 Jaffrey et al. 2001). 

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