Runoff, water recycling

Many are the advantages of CWs for treating wastewater and runoff. They are a cost-effective and technically feasible technology. The expenses of operation and maintenance (energy and supplies) are low, requiring only a periodic, rather than continuous, on-site labor. CWs are tolerant to fluctuations in flow and facilitate water reuse and recycling. Additionally, they provide habitat for many wetland organisms and benefits to wildlife habitat.37... 

Cover crops Improves fertility Improves water availability Nutrient recycling Reduces costs Soil erosion and runoff control Weed control Kalinova (2009) Malezieux et al. (2009) Pati et al. (2009) Runyon et al. (2009) Stagnari et al. (2009) Wu and Sardo (2009) Zuazo and Pleguezuelo (2009)... 

In-plant management practices may often control the volume and quality of the treatment system influent. Volume reduction can be attained by process wastewater segregation from noncontact water, by recycling or reuse of noncontact water, and by the modification of plant processes. Control of spills, leakage, washdown, and storm runoff can also reduce the treatment system load. Modifications may include the use of vacuum pumps instead of steam ejectors, recycling caustic soda solution rather than discharging it to the treatment system, and incorporation of a more efficient solvent recovery system. 

A key feature of the above chemical-weathering scenarios is that relatively little atmospheric or biogenic CO2 is involved. Hence, whereas —23% and —77% of solutes, excluding recycled sea salt, found in global mean river water are derived from the atmosphere and rock, respectively (Holland, 1978), atmospheric sources account for a maximum of 3 -11 % of solute in glacial runoff (after Hodson et al., 2000). 

Site drainage waters from surface runoff invariably include some oil picked up from small spills and process leaks. These will also be routed through an API separator first, sometimes followed by a dissolved air separator (Fig. 18.8). Oil separated from this drainage water stream will join the slop oil circuit for recycling. During times of desalter operation when water is short, treated site drainage waters may be used for this purpose. Any water in excess of desalter requirements will proceed to an artificially aerated bio-pond for further BOD reduction before discharge [74]. 

Packaging waste from MS W and beach use About a third of the plastics resin produced globally ends up as plastic packaging of which less than 9% of waste in the MS W is recovered for recycling. Plastic litter on land can be transported to the oceans via storm drain runoff. Recreational use of beaches also results in beach litter that can be picked up by wind and tidal movements and transported into the water (Corcoran et al., 2009 Rosevelt et al., 2013 Ryan et al., 2009). Beach cleanup operations help reduce the litter but there is virtually no mechanism to collect such debris once they enter the water. 

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