Rugged

A rugged, powerful instrument in a cast aluminium case Weighs 6 kg including standard D cell batteries... 

The HILL-SCAN 30XX boards can be used in different PCs. Desktop- and tower-PCs as well suited for laboratory uses. For in-field inspections rugged notebooks and portable PCs are advantageous. A typical portable system is shown in Fig. 2 (USPC 3010), used in MUSE (Mobile Ultrasonic Equipment). This portable PC not only contains the boards for ultrasonic testing but also a controller with power supply for stepper motors, so that a manipulator can be connected directly. The MUSE system is enlarged with a water circulation system which enables a local immersion technique" for in-field inspections. A typical result is shown in Fig. 3, which presents a D-scan of a CFRP- component in RTM-techniques. The defect area caused by an impact is clearly indicated. The manipulator is described in [3]. 

One type of dislocation is the edge dislocation, illustrated in Fig. VII-7. We imagine that the upper half of the crystal is pushed relative to the lower half, and the sequence shown is that of successive positions of the dislocation. An extra plane, marked as full circles, moves through the crystal until it emerges at the left. The process is much like moving a rug by pushing a crease in it. 

A method that is insensitive to changes in experimental conditions is considered rugged. 

Random variations in experimental conditions also introduce uncertainty. If a method s sensitivity is highly dependent on experimental conditions, such as temperature, acidity, or reaction time, then slight changes in those conditions may lead to significantly different results. A rugged method is relatively insensitive to changes in experimental conditions. 

An important step in developing a standard method is to determine which factors have a pronounced effect on the quality of the analytical method s result. The procedure can then be written to specify the degree to which these factors must be controlled. A procedure that, when carefully followed, produces high-quality results in different laboratories is considered rugged. The method by which the critical factors are discovered is called ruggedness testing. ... 

I. W. Waiuer, T)rug Stereochemistry Analytical Methods and Pharmacology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1993. 

Adsorbent Life. Long term stability under rugged operating conditions is an important characteristic of an adsorbent. By their nature 2eohtes are not stable in an aqueous environment and must be specially formulated to enhance their stabiUty in order to obtain several years of service. Polymeric resins do not suffer from dissolution problems. However, they are prone to chemical attack (52). 

Despite being simple, rugged, reliable, requiring low maintenance, low cost, and vibration free, steam-jet systems are not widely accepted in water chilling for air-conditioning due to characteristics of the cycle,... 

Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer There is potentially a major effect of both shear rate and circulation time in these processes. The sohds can either be fragile or rugged. We are looking at the slip velocity of the particle and also whether we can break up agglomerates of particles which may enhance the mass transfer. When the particles become small enough, they tend to follow the flow pattern, so the slip velocity necessary to affect the mass transfer becomes less and less available. 

Tray Classifier A hybrid like the screw-conveyor classifier, the tray classifier rakes pulp up the sloping bottom of a tank while solvent flows in the opposite direction. The solvent is forced by a baffle to the bottom of the tank at the lower end before it overflows. The sohds must be rugged enough to stand the stress of raking. 

Figure 4 DynDom [67] analysis of the first two normal modes of human lysozyme. Dark grey and white indicate the two dynamic domains, separated by the black hinge bending region. The vertical line represents a hinge axis that produces a closure motion in the first normal mode. The horizontal line represents a hinge axis that produces a twisting motion in the second normal mode. (Adapted from Ref. 68.) The DynDom program is available from the Internet at http //md. chem.rug.nl/ steve/dyndom.html.

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