Roughness importance

Theoretical and experimental studies of pressure drops in gas streams flowing in tubes with wavy walls (longwave and short-wave roughnesses). Importance to case of flow of gas adjacent to wavy film pointed out. 

Co/Ag Co(15 nm)/Ag(6.0 nm) electron-beam evaporation on top of a 5,0-nm Cr buffer layer on Si(l 11) substrates interface roughness important in understanding connection between GMR and antiferromagnetic coupling... 

A number of refinements and applications are in the literature. Corrections may be made for discreteness of charge [36] or the excluded volume of the hydrated ions [19, 37]. The effects of surface roughness on the electrical double layer have been treated by several groups [38-41] by means of perturbative expansions and numerical analysis. Several geometries have been treated, including two eccentric spheres such as found in encapsulated proteins or drugs [42], and biconcave disks with elastic membranes to model red blood cells [43]. The double-layer repulsion between two spheres has been a topic of much attention due to its importance in colloidal stability. A new numeri-... 

The importance of the solid-liquid interface in a host of applications has led to extensive study over the past 50 years. Certainly, the study of the solid-liquid interface is no easier than that of the solid-gas interface, and all the complexities noted in Section VIM are present. The surface structural and spectroscopic techniques presented in Chapter VIII are not generally applicable to liquids (note, however. Ref. 1). There is, perforce, some retreat to phenomenology, empirical rules, and semiempirical models. The central importance of the Young equation is evident even in its modification to treat surface heterogeneity or roughness. ... 

Roughness has important implications in wetting applications. While the eutectic solder, SnPb, normally forms a contact angle of 15-20° with copper, it completely wets the surface of rough electroplated copper and forms a fractal spreading front [69]. 

Strongin D R, Carrazza J, Bare S R and Somoqai G A 1987 The importance of Cj sites and surface roughness in the ammonia synthesis reaction over iron J. Catal. 103 213... 

The preparation of the reflecting silver layers for MBI deserves special attention, since it affects the optical properties of the mirrors. Another important issue is the optical phase change [ ] at the mica/silver interface, which is responsible for a wavelength-dependent shift of all FECOs. The phase change is a fimction of silver layer thickness, T, especially for T < 40 mn [54]. The roughness of the silver layers can also have an effect on the resolution of the distance measurement [59, 60]. 

Usually at least five times the cost of the rough because cutting recovery is only 25% or even less. The cutting cost may become more important than the materials cost in small faceted stones. 

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. If the excitation wavelength is chosen to correspond to an absorption maximum of the species being studied, a 10 —10 enhancement of the Raman scatter of the chromophore is observed. This effect is called resonance enhancement or resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There are several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, the most common of which is Franck-Condon enhancement. In this case, a band intensity is enhanced if some component of the vibrational motion is along one of the directions in which the molecule expands in the electronic excited state. The intensity is roughly proportional to the distortion of the molecule along this axis. RR spectroscopy has been an important biochemical tool, and it may have industrial uses in some areas of pigment chemistry. Two biological appHcations include the deterrnination of helix transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (18), and the elucidation of several peptide stmctures (19). A review of topics in this area has been pubHshed (20). 

The first-cut sketch is usually not drawn to scale but is roughly spaced out. Figure 3 shows a first-cut layout. The utilisation of CAD on the first-cut layout can be beneficial when optimisation of the plot is necessary. Several important things should be noted in the first-cut layout sketch derived from key information provided by the process engineer. These items are indicated in the legend for Figure 3. 

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