Rotameter, flow measurement

Flow measurements using nonintrusive or low mechanical ac tion principles are desired, such as magnetic, vortex-shedding, or Coriolis-type flowmeters. Orifice plates are easy to use and reliable but have a limited range and may not be suitable for streams which are not totally clean. Rotameters with glass tubes should not be used. 

For the tandem arrangement gas seal, a primary seal vent must be pro vided to vent the leakage across the process side seal. This vent ma> lie to flare or other suitable gas disposal point. The back pressure under nor mal conditions should be kept to a low value. A small amount of back pressure is recommended to keep a positive differential across the see ondaiy seal. Leakage measurement may be provided in the vent line to provide health monitoring of the primary seal. Unfortunately, the rotameter, which would be the obvious choice, should not be used because of its lack o reliability. If an orifice or needle valve is used to set the back pressure to the seal vent, pressure upstream of the restriction can be measured for a relative flow measurement. This type of reading does provide trend data that may be used to judge the seal s performance. 

Many different techniques are available for flow measurement and for recording of respiratory functions or flow parameters in particular (e.g. [115,116]). However, not all methods are appropriate for measurement of inhalation flows, either because they have low frequency responses or they influence the shape of the inspiratory flow curve by a large volume or by the inertia of the measuring instrument (e.g. rotameters). They may also interfere with the aerosol cloud from the inhalation device during drug deposition studies. 

Variable-Area Meters Variable-area meters, which are also called rotameters, offer popular and inexpensive flow measurement devices. These meters employ a float inside a tube that has an internal cross-sectional area that increases with distance upward in the flow path through the tube. As the flow rate increases, the float rises in the tube to provide a larger area for the flowing fluid to pass. 

Rotameter m flow measurement [LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT] (V ol 15)... 

The pilot plant scale experimental unit, Fig. 2, described in previous papers [2,3] is provided with a blower that supplies a maximum air flowrate of 300Nm3/h at a pressure of 1500 mm of water column. The flow measurement is carried out with two rotameters, used in the ranges from 2.5 to 30 and from 30 to 250 Nm3/h. In the range from 0 to 4 Nm3/h a gas volume meter provided with paddles is used. A system of valves allows for choosing the suitable rotameter for the desired flowrate. This flowrate is fixed by closing or opening a butterfly valve. 

Pumps, such as piston pumps, can meter liquids into a reactor fairly precisely, but the chemical engineer uses a flow measurement device for greater precision. The most commonly used flowmeters are rotameters that are calibrated to translate the lifting of a float in a vertical slightly tapered tube (small diameter at the inlet of the flowmeter) into a measure of the amount of liquid delivered in a given timeframe. For greatest precision the rotameter is calibrated with the specific fluid being metered. Most modem rotameters are provided with a calibration plot that corresponds to performance. 

This chapter discusses the unit operations of flow measurements and flow and quality equalizations. Flow meters discussed include rectangular weirs, triangular weirs, trapezoidal weirs, venturi meters, and one of the critical-flow flumes, the Parshall flume. Miscellaneous flow meters including the magnetic flow meter, turbine flow meter, nutating disk meter, and the rotameter are also discussed. These meters are classified as miscellaneous, because they will not be neated analytically but simply described. In addition, liquid level recorders are also briefly discussed. 

A standard Pyrex vacuum apparatus is employed in this preparation. The system includes a fractionation train consisting of four U-tube traps, attached with ball joints, a mercury manometer, and several ball-joint connections on the manifold. The mercury in the manometer is covered with outgassed Kel-F-10 oil, and the stopcocks and ball joints are lubricated with Kel-F-90 grease. The fluorine metering system consists of a fluorine tank properly shielded and vented, a sodium fluoride scrubber (45 X 13 cm.), two calibrated rotameters for measuring flow rate and fluorine concentration, and a helium source, and is constructed of -J-in. copper tubing. 

Other measuring devices for flow in closed conduits, such as rotameters, flow nozzles, and so on, are discussed elsewhere (PI). 

Flow rate is typically measured in gallons per minute (gpm) or gallons per hour (gph). A variety of devices can be used to accomplish flow measurement. Common examples of flow measurement devices are orifice plates, venturi nozzles, nutating disc meters, turbine flow meters, oval gear meters, rotameters, pitot tubes, weir and flume, and flow transmitters. Figure 7-4 shows a few examples of flow-measurement devices. 

Six temperature probes can be place inside each reactor and 13 probes can be places inside the column. There are also 4 scales (0-50 kg, 0-100 kg) with accuracy of 0.01 kg for measuring inlet and outlet flow rates. At the moment circulation flows are measured with rotameters. All measurements are connected to the Mitsubishi MELSEC logic and monitoring software to view and save the data. For safety reasons there are also locking system in automation and a separate alarm system. 

Rotameter Ultrasonic type Turbine flow meter Electromagnetic flow meter Good for upstream flow measurements Used in conjunction with variable inductance sensor Good for very high flow rates Can be used for both upstream and downstream flow measurements Not suited for fluids containing abrasive particles Relationship between flow rate and angular velocity is linear Least intrusive as it is noncontact type Can be used with fluids that are corrosive, contaminated, etc. The fluid has to be electrically conductive... 

Flow measurement is employed on the oil lubrication lines, but is usually of the rotameter, or variable orifice type. This means that they are used for indication only, and are not readily coupled into the control system, unless simply as alarm features. 

Fig. 12.15. Flow measurement with float (rotameter), a Conical flow pipe b float F gravity force Fe buoyancy force Fo- drag force [1].

The rotameters used for flow measurements had a specified accuracy of i 1 per cent for most runs. Also random errors in readings should have been cancelled by averaging the ten readings per run. Similarly, pressure drop readings from the manometers should also be free from appreciable error. 

A classical installation for absorption and desorption experiments with packings is Prof. BiU s installadon described in his kt book [86]. The installaticm presented in Fig. 1 includes an absorber with a distributor and the investigated packings, two vessels for preparing of ribsorbent, respectively saturated liquid for desorption, a gas andyzer, manometers, a blower, a humidifier, a gas bottle, a colunm for mbdng of the absorbed gas fiom the bottle with air, and the nectary rotameters for measuring the flow rates of gas and liquid. 

Ellis, Forrest and Howe [163] made modifications and improvements to the original design for their specific application. All flow controls were done by needle valves and all flow measurements by rotameters. They used a helium flowrate of 50 mL min- and nitrogen flowrates of 3, 5 and 10 mL min-i. 

Flow transmitters. Flow measurements are made in high-pressure lines by sensing the pressure drop across a calibrated orifice or venturi, or by the transmitting variable-area type of flowmeter. The latter meter resembles a Rotameter with float position transmitted electrically. It has the advantage of being an in-line element but is not readily applicable to large flows. 

Instrument Society of America 400 Stanwix Street Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 Standards l ibrary for Measurement and Control, 12th ed., 1994. Instmmentation standards and recommended practices abstracted from those of 19 societies, the U.S. Government, the Canadian Standards Association, and the British Standards Institute. Covers control instmments, including rotameters, aimunciators, transducers, thermocouples, flow meters, and pneumatic systems (see... 

In practice, deliberate changes in flow are necessary to proportion quantities of flow into various systems, and to determine flow rate by various measuring devices by restrictions, e.g. Venturi meters and rotameters. 

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