Rodenticides analysis

One study conducted in Britain between 1983 and 1989 was of barn owls found dead in the field 10% of the sample of 145 birds contained anticoagulant rodenticide residues in their livers, and difenacoum and brodifacoum were prominent among them (Newton et al. 1990). In another study, barn owls were fed rats that had been dosed with flocoumafen. It was found that a substantial proportion of the rodenticide ingested by owls was eliminated in pellets (Eadsforth et al. 1991). The authors suggest that exposure of owls to rodenticides in the field may be monitored by analysis of pellets dropped at roosts or regular perching places. 

However, a hner level of detail may be reqnired in some sitnations. For example, predatory birds feeding on rodents in an area partly treated with rodenticides may enconnter a bimodal distribntion of residnes in their prey, snch that most prey contain no residnes bnt others contain a lethal dose for the predator. If the unit of analysis were dehned as a whole day s foraging, with residues being averaged over all available prey items, the model might indicate that all the predators experience a snblethal exposnre. In reality, most predators would experience zero exposure, but those that ate a contaminated prey item would die a significantly different result. Therefore, the unit of analysis in this case should be individual foraging events for individual predators. 

Zweig, G. ed. Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators. New York Academic Press. (This was a multi-volume series appearing between 1973 and 1989 that contains analytical methods for the analysis of food and food additives, fungicides, herbicides, nemati-cides, pheromones, rodenticides, and soil fumigants.)... 

Most of the published work on the analysis of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides,etc.) makes the assumption that the analyst knows the identity of the actual compound or that he has some knowledge of the particular... 

Contemporary confirmatory methods use mass spectroscopy. Most recently, hquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (LC-EIS-MS) has been reported for the analysis of ten anticoagulant rodenticides with a limit of quantitation of about 5 pg/1 (Grobosch et al, 2006). Other recent methods use LC-MS-MS for unknown... 

Lawley, W.J., Charlton, A.J., Hughson, E.J., Grundy, H.H., Brown, P.M., Jones, A. (2006). Development of a cell culture/ ELISA assay to detect anticoagulant rodenticides and its application to analysis of rodenticide treated grain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(5) 1588-93. 

The success of HPLC in forensic science is not due solely to these general developments. In-house research and development work has made a significant contribution and this has been, and still is, essential because of specific problems which are experienced in the analysis of casework samples. As a result of these developments, HPLC is now used extensively for the analysis of drugs, metabolites, rodenticides, anions, sugars, dyes, polymers, optical brighteners, explosives, fatty acids and other miscellaneous compounds. 

Post-column techniques tend to be more complex because additional instrumentation e.g. a pump and mixing chamber are required. However, some solutes can be made to fluoresce by simply modifying the eluant pH. This approach has been used for the analysis of quinine and rodenticides. With the former, the compound is chromatographed under basic conditions and then made fluorescent by the addition of perchloric acid after it elutes from the column. With rodenticides, chromatography under acidic conditions is needed and they are then made to fluoresce by changing the pH of the eluate to pH 11 by mixing with a methanol/ammonia solution. 

Use Analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of chlorine), ozonometry, rodenticides, pesticide. 

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act requires the EPA to oversee the manufacture and use of chemical substances that directly terminate insects, fungus, and rodents. Analytical methods are required for the analysis of residues in air, soil, and water. Specifications for labeling and warnings are also required under this act. 

NFPA Health 0. Flammability 1, Reactivi 1 Uses Red Mfg. of phosphoric acid additive to semiconductors fertilizers safely matches pyrotechnics tracer bullets antioxidant and color suppressant for po. coatings flame retardants electroluminescent coatings Wh. Dietary nutrient fertilizers rodenticides smoke screens incendiaries mfg. analytical chemistry gas analysis tracer bullets rat poison... 

Figure 5.1 Example of the discrimination of different modes of action based on tests featuring different targets. The toxicity profiles of herbicidal (H 1-5), insecticidal (11-5) and rodenticidal (R 1 ) compounds with regard to fish, Daphnia, algae, bird and rat revealed highly specific for each of the toxicant classes and can be clearly separated by their scores in a principal component analysis (Nendza and Wenzel, 1993).

AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY Another field where the advantages of polarography have been exploited, viz. that its techniques are often undisturbed by the presence of biological material, is in agricultural and food chemistry. This includes also the analysis of insecticides, fungicides and rodenticides, and recently also of antibiotics both in commercial preparations and in residues. The possibilities of determinations of several vitamins, of acetoin and diacetyl in butter, malic... 

Blood, serum, and plasma present unique challenges in respect to analyte isolation and sensitivity requirements in both a general sense and specific to the rodenticide anticoagulants, thus making LC-MS/MS a logical choice for instrumental analysis. 

Vandenbroucke V, Desmet N, De Backer P et al (2008) Multi-residue analysis of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in animal plasma and liver using liquid chromatography combined with heated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatog B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 869 101-110... 

LeEtta J, Koskinen WC (2007) Multiresidue analysis of seven anticoagulant rodenticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/ electrospray/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 55 571-576... 

Rohrich J, Zorntlein S, Wendt J (2009) LC/ MS/MS analysis of anticoagulant rodenticides in hair. ASMS presentation... 

Contemporary confirmatory methods use MS. Most recently, liqrud chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (LC-EIS-MS) has been reported for the analysis of 10 anticoagulant rodenticides with a quantity limit of about 5 pg/L (Grobosch et al., 2006). Other recent methods use LC-MS-MS for unknown drugs, including warfarin (Marquet et al., 2003), and LC-ESTMS and HPLC UV to detect anticoagulant rodenticides as low as 20 ng on a column (Mesmer and Flurer, 2000). One of the earlier MS methods used a direct-probe technique to detect indandione residues in food animals (Braselton et al., 1992). 

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