RNA/DNA complex

In mid-1997 an international conference took place in Santa Cruz, USA, in which, for the first time, the exclusive topic was structural aspects of RNA molecules. A report covering this meeting contains an impressive graphic which shows the RNA structures, RNA/DNA complexes, and RNA/protein complexes contained in the brookhaven database as a function of the year of their publication [29]. Between 1988 and 1993 there were just 20. However, in 1996 alone no less than 41 structures appeared. These new dimensions were headed by the crystal structural elucidation of the first larger RNA molecule since the first crystal structure of tRNA in 1973 [30], the 48 nucleotide long hammerhead ribo-zyme (HHR) [31-33]. This landmark achievement was followed by a crystal structure analysis of the P4-P6-domain of a group I intron [34-36] and, more recently, a crystal structure of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme [37]. 

Figure 1 X-Ray Diffraction of DNA by Rosalind Franklin. The RNA/DNA complex. (A- and B-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns). ht //en.wildpedia.org/wiki/Molecular models of DNA mediaviewer/File ABDNAxrgpj.jpg by Bci21 http //commons.wildmedia.org/wiki/User Bci21 is hcensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 http //creativecommons.Org/hcenses/by-sa/3.0/). Reference Appendix 2, Explanations to the Figures...

The primordial cellular genomes consisted of competing and cooperating RNA/DNA complexes. These ancient faculties of cooperation and competition remain preserved up to the present time. While DNA commands the genome, RNA remains the mler of the epigenome. However, the RNAs of the spliceosomes begin their actions in the nucleus. MicroRNAs buzz all over the epigenome and in the cytoplasm. 

In multicellular hosts, the stem cell compartments preserved most of the faculties of the ancient RNA/DNA complex. The healthy stem cells RNA/DNA complex serves its multicellular host in its ontogenesis (in fertized egg cells, in the larvae, pupae and nymphs, or in the embryo). The pluripotent and asymmetrically dividing... 

The differentiated somatic cell of the integument (a keratinocyte) obeys proper biochemical orders (in the form of proto-oncoproteins with or without chemo-, cyto-, and lymphokines) to reverse its trajectory and become a stem cell, and then to re-differentiate into a nerve cell (Shinya Yamanaka s Nobel Prize, 2012). Improperly stimulated, it may become a basal cell carcinoma, or a squamous cell carcinoma. The ancient RNA/DNA complex will de-di ferentiate the mature somatic cell to its ancestral stage of existence. A fatal event mistakenly installed A process of re-juvenation inherently installed Is this a blind duty of the genomic retrotransposons for the maintenance of the living matter in whatever formation or shape (see in the text) ... 

However, the human cerebral cortex is encoded by the same RNA/DNA complex, that encodes the oncoproteins. These elements seek the disruption of an organized but doomed multicellular community for the rescue of immortalized unicellular individuals. The RNA/DNA complex mobilizes all its resources for the full control of its progenitor and inventor, serving now as its vehicle, the stem cell, both in the processes of onto- and oncogenesis. 

The genomes of eukaryotic cells foUow suit. This ancient faculty of mutability in the RNA/DNA complex, when it is practiced excessively, it prominently characterizes the entity recognized in the scientific literature and at our clinics as the cancer cell. There, in addition to one, or a few sequentially induced, complex driver mutations (the oncogenic pathways), the enormous cell population of a... 

However, for the human race and its cerebral cortex it is essential to learn what the obstacles were that the Martian RNA/DNA complex has had failed to overcome. 

Viral oncolysis was fitted into this volume written for the comparison of the ancient RNA/DNA complex signaling in unicellular life forms with that of the oncogenome-working cancer cells. The RNA/DNA complex of the cancer cell appears to have transformed those cells to the likes of unicellular life forms. Those life forms could not as yet make IFNs the transformed (cancer) cells are also... 

Comment. In the primordial cells, and in the early multicellular eukaryotes, the RNA/DNA complex raled the intron-rich primordial cells (LECA/LUCA of Csuros et al). In multicellular eukaryotes, the single stem cells retain the ancient mler, the RNA/DNA complex. So are the zygote-derived early embryonic cells. The dominant somatic cell mass in the advanced multicellular hosts is under the strict rule of a DNA/RNA complex. Once transformed, in these cells the RNA/DNA complex regains its primordial vitality manifested by the expression of introns and their derivative multiple RNAs. The presumably intron-rich transformed cell re-gained the immortality, independence and persistence endowed to the original unicellular eukaryotes, which survived the most severe conflicts in the environment of the... 

Comment. It must have been the adaptability of the genomes of the survivors, due to pre-inserted SINE and other retrotransposons, in the post-cataclysmic environment, that supported the newer generations, while the lack of these faculties doomed the prior inhabitants, which flourished in a different antecedent environment. The power of the RNA/DNA complex once installed in the primordial cells is to generate just about any biological change either in advance (but without precise foresight), or in response to demand, and remain just about inexhaustible. 

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