Ritter process

Billeter prepared diethylthiocarbamyl chloride2 and other carbamyl chlorides by the reaction of the appropriate amine as amine hydrochloride with thiophosgene. The present preparation represents an adaptation of the Ritter process.6... 

Tertiary butylamine had a world wide production of 1.4 million tons in 1988 [108]. Over 57% was produced using the Ritter reaction. Sterling Chemicals, Nitto Chemical Industry, and Sumitomo Chemicals use the Ritter process [109]. BASF is the only company producing tertiary butylamine with the olefins amination process. 

Conversion of 72 to the desired compound 73 was accomplished via a Ritter process with oleum in acetonitrile followed by addition of water and treatment with tartaric acid [71,72],... 

Davis, K., and Ritter, R. E., FCC Catalyst Design Considerations for Resid Processing—Part 2, Grace Davison Catalagram, No. 78, 1988. 

The equations of the electrokinetic processes were derived in 1903 by the Polish physicist Maryan Ritter von Smoluchowski on the basis of ideas concerning the function of EDL in these processes that had been developed by H. Helmholtz in 1879. These equations are often called the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equations. 

RADICALC Bozzelli, J. W. and Ritter, E. R. Chemical and Physical Processes in Combustion, p. 453. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1993. A computer code to calculate entropy and heat capacity contributions to transition states and radical species from changes in vibrational frequencies, barriers, moments of inertia, and internal rotations. 

Helmer-Metzmann, R, Osan, R, Schneller, A., Ritter, H., Ledjeff, K., Nolte, R. and Thorwirth, R. 1993. Polymer electrolyte membrane and process for its manufacture. E. Patent 0 574 791 A2. 

Epoxides also undergo the Ritter reaction in good yields with retention of configuration via a episulfonium intermediate 190a (double-inversion process). For monosubstituted epoxides, the yields of oxazolines are lower due to nondis-criminatory attack of the nitrile on both the primary and the secondary carbon atom of the episulfonium intermediate. Complete retention of configuration is still observed despite the lower yield (Scheme 8.54). 

Humphry Davy s process for the isolation of the alkali metals by the aid of the electric current is now regarded as the foundation of dry electrometallurgy, and justly so in spite of the fact that M. van Marum 4 had previously reduced several compounds by subjecting them to the electrical discharge. These methods were described in M. van Marum s pamphlet Experiences, qui font voir, qu il y a de la calorique dans la fluid ilectrique (Haarlem, 1795). He noted that in the reduction oxygen gas is evolved, and he credited the decomposition to the heating effect of the electric current. A few years later, J. W. Ritter decomposed silver salts by the discharge from a small electrical machine. 

There are several methods available for the electrophilic addition of hydrogen and nitrogen to alkenes, dienes and alkynes. While the direct electrophilic addition of amines to these substrates is not feasible, aminomercuration-demercuration affords a very useful indirect approach to such amines. The addition of amides to C—C multiple bonds can be effected directly through the Ritter reaction or by the less direct, but equally useful, amidomercuration-demercuration process using either nitriles or amides. Similarly, H—N3 addition to alkenes can be carried out directly or via mercuration to produce organic azides. 

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