Risk-Based Decision Guidelines

The following sections assist in establishing a risk-based decision guideline for pre-startup safety reviews. 

USCG (U.S. Coast Guard) (2001) Risk-Based Decision Making Guidelines, 2nd Edition,... 

Here is where the risk-based approach necessitates a first look at the nature of the trigger event. By following some of the guidelines in Chapter 4, the type of PSSR to design is relatively easily divided into simple or complex - that is, a short form or a long form respectively. However, when the PSSR long form is indicated, there are numerous decisions to make about the pre-startup safety review s needs. 

Some guidelines for decision-makers charged with finding optimal solutions for dealing with HWW are suggested below they are based on the expected/observed fate, behaviour and environmental risk of PhCs, and the ability of proposed treatments to guarantee the highest removal rates and to preserve aquatic environment from persistent compounds. 

In military operations, it is impossible to have zero risk, and indeed, the acceptable risk level in most cases may well be higher than that set for civilian operations. Determining the appropriate level of decontamination for a situation is the result of assessment and decision making based on all of the risks. Setting the appropriate risk levels and decontamination specifications is an area in need of Navy doctrine. Once established, that doctrine could then lead to the development of testing and performance standards to be used for field decontamination, as well as to base and long-term equipment decontamination procedures. The Navy must be able to provide doctrine, guidelines, and expertise in this area. 

Decisions are made, either implicitly or explicitly, to give certain potential hazards very detailed and thorough consideration, while others receive only cursory review. Such decisions are based on risk. There is sometimes a limiting probability for events of certain maximum consequence, below which probability the risk is considered to be acceptable. More often, the guidelines are heuristic and the probability limits are implicit. In this latter situation decisions are made on each case separately on the basis of deterministic calculations (such as calculations for stress analysis, the analysis of fracture... 

A convincing statement is made, as in the following excerpt, about the need, sometimes, to go beyond issued safety standards in the design process and to have decisions on acceptable risk levels be based on risk assessments. This excerpt is taken from Related Information 1— Equipment/Product Safety Program, which is an adjunct to SEMI S2-0706, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guideline for Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment. 

The term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) was introduced in a position statement by the Kidney Disease Foundation. According to the guidelines, CKD-MBD is a systemic disorder and patients with vascular or valvular calcification should be included in the group with the greatest cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the presence or absence of calcification is a key factor in strategy decisions for such patients. In particular, it is recommended that the use of calcium-based phosphate binders should be restricted in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcification, low levels of parathyroid hormone or adynamic bone disease. 

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