Rise time degradation

Even electrically short lossless interconnections may have additional delay due to charging of the interconnection capacitance by the output driver s resistance (fidriverCline). Such a delay increases the signal rise time. Thus low interconnection capacitance is required even for long-rise-time signals to minimize delay due to rise time degradation. 

Delay Due to Resistive Losses. On electrically long, lossy lines, the signal rise time is degraded by dispersion in the interconnection. Dispersion delays and attenuates the high-frequency components of the signal more than the low-frequency components because of the frequency-depen-dent resistance of the interconnection. The rise time degradation contributes additional delay before the switching threshold is reached at the end of the line. 

For electrically short interconnections with high resistance, such as on-chip interconnections, signal delays are dominated by the rise time degradation due to the charging of the receiver capacitance by the interconnection resistance (fllineCrec) (54, 55). On PWBs in which resistance is negligible, the... 

Even properly terminated lines can have reflections from impedance discontinuities along the line, and these reflections can degrade the signal rise time. Some of the transmitted signal is lost at each reflection point, and higher frequency components tend to be reflected (and thus attenuated) more than low-frequency components thus, the interconnection behaves like a low-pass filter and causes additional degradation of the signal rise time. 

On the Osaka University thermionic cathode L-band linac, a time resolution of two picoseconds was achieved using magnetic pulse compression and time jitter compensation systems (Fig. 13). The time jitter between the Cerenkov light from the electron beam and the laser pulse was measured shot-by-shot with a femtosecond streak camera to accurately determine the relative time of each measurement in the kinetic trace. In this way, the time jitter that would otherwise degrade the time resolution was corrected, and the remaining factor dominating the rise time was the electron-light velocity difference over the 2-mm sample depth. 

Solid samples are either dissolved or introduced by means of solid-injection syringes. Care must be taken to introduce the sample for pyrolysis into the furnace without admitting air, since the pyrolysis zone is already hot and degradation starts immediately. The pyrolysis products are then swept into the analytical device by the carrier gas [508]. In furnace pyrolysis problems include long temperature rise times and lack of control over the duration of the pyrolysis. 

The silk floss was defatted and hydrolyzed by Saeman s method [10] giving rise to xylose (73 %) and glucose (27 %), Aus indicating the presence of xylan. When the time of hydrolysis was up to 24 h, the presence of rhamnose (5 %) was also evident. However, degradation of xylose was observed after 8 h at 100 °C. 

A run is therefore regarded as being carried out under repeatability conditions, i.e. the random measurement errors are of a magnitude that would be encountered in a short period of time. In practice the analysis of a run may occupy sufficient time for small systematic changes to occur. For example, reagents may degrade, instruments may drift, minor adjustments to instrumental settings may be called for, or the laboratory temperature may rise. However, these systematic effects are, for the purposes of IQC, subsumed into the... 

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