Retin strategies

The general strategy for establishing the sites of protein-chromophore interactions in rhodopsin involves introduction of selective 13 C labels at each position along the length of the retinal chromophore. 

A therapeutic strategy could encompass the suppression of protein kinase C activity, thus short-circuiting at least part of the pathway driving VEGF activity in the retina. The initial chemical studied as a protein kinase C inhibitor was known as LY333531 and was found to have very selective inhibition of both [31 and [311 isoforms of protein kinase C. This drug was studied in animal models and was found to reduce VEGF-mediated retinal vascular permeability, increase retinal blood flow, and inhibit retinal neovascularization. 

DNA damage produced by sparfloxacin and UVA in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro was remedied by antioxidants, suggesting a possible in vivo strategy for preventing or minimizing retinal damage in humans (18). 

Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JP, Chidlow G, Graham M, et al. 2004. Retinal ischemia Mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 23 91-147. 

Groesbeck, M., Rood, G.A., and Lugtenburg, J., Synthesis of (12,L3- C2)retinal and (13,14— CjJret-inal. A strategy to prepare multiple- C-labeled conjugated systems. Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 111. 149, 1992. 

In this reparameterization strategy, we abandon the hope that a single set of parameters could be sufficient to describe all atoms of the same type in all possible molecules. On the contrary, we develop different parameters for each system we study. Several molecides have been reoptimized according to this strategy ClOOCl, dimethylnitrosamine,i ethylene, benzene, retinal protonmated Schiff base, and the chro-mophore of the green fluorescent protein. This approach is no... 

Finally, some strategies are described which are employed to interpret the infrared difference spectra at a molecular level. The first goal is the identification of bands caused by the protein and cofactors (chromophore, substrate, etc.). In the case of retinal proteins in which the retinal chromophore can be removed and replaced by an artificial one, the method of isotope labeling has provided detailed information. Not only does it help to identify the chromophore bands, but it also enables their assignment to specific normal modes from which structural information can be derived. Of course, a similar technique should be applicable to quinones... 

Hardy, W. D., Management strategies for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis, /. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol, 14(1), S7, 1997. 

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