Responsibilities of designers

As the senior safety professional on her staff, you have raised the need for a SMS for several years due to the fragmented approach to safety used across the organization. You are assigned the responsibility of designing and implementing a new SMS. 

Second problem is to clarify the responsibility of design and control. There are usually several options to achieve the same function. It is inevitable to distinguish what should be prepared beforehand and what should be changed afterward. 

Another problem was on the responsibility of design and control. It was made clear that the guideline what could be designed beforehand and be controlled afterwards. 

It is important to note that design D is a solution in which the e-constraint is not active. From this point, a further improvement in the cost function implies a large increase in the ISE. Really, there are not substantial differences between the design variables for both systems B and D, except in the controller parameters. The dynamic response of design D seems to be very close to instability, which may explain the fact that the e-constraint was not active. 

The section also discusses their effect on isolation and switching and on the responsibilities of designers, suppliers, installers and users. Some of these Regulations have now been updated, as noted elsewhere in this book. 

It is the responsibility of designers to steer clear of certain configurations which favour water retention and recesses where humid projections can accumulate, and where severe corrosion can develop [10]. Intermittent welds should not be used, or the gaps should be filled in order to prevent the penetration of moisture (Rgure B.6.2). 

The preliminary observations underline the manufacturer s responsibilities. He is obliged to analyse the hazards in order to identify those which apply to his equipment. He must design, manufacture and check his equipment to ensure its safety even with respect to their use under reasonably foreseeable conditions. In addition, the manufacturer must interpret and apply the essential requirements in such a way as to take account of the state-of-the-art at the time of design. That latter requirement underlines the evolutive character of the essential requirements which is inherent in the new approach. 

Peachey J, van Alsten J and Granick S 1991 Design of an apparatus to measure the shear response of ultrathin liquid films Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 463-73... 

Four replicate measurements were made at the center of the factorial design, giving responses of 0.334, 0.336, 0.346, and 0.323. Determine if a first-order empirical model is appropriate for this system. Use a 90% confidence interval when accounting for the effect of random error. 

Rheometric Scientific markets several devices designed for characterizing viscoelastic fluids. These instmments measure the response of a Hquid to sinusoidal oscillatory motion to determine dynamic viscosity as well as storage and loss moduH. The Rheometric Scientific line includes a fluids spectrometer (RFS-II), a dynamic spectrometer (RDS-7700 series II), and a mechanical spectrometer (RMS-800). The fluids spectrometer is designed for fairly low viscosity materials. The dynamic spectrometer can be used to test soHds, melts, and Hquids at frequencies from 10 to 500 rad/s and as a function of strain ampHtude and temperature. It is a stripped down version of the extremely versatile mechanical spectrometer, which is both a dynamic viscometer and a dynamic mechanical testing device. The RMS-800 can carry out measurements under rotational shear, oscillatory shear, torsional motion, and tension compression, as well as normal stress measurements. Step strain, creep, and creep recovery modes are also available. It is used on a wide range of materials, including adhesives, pastes, mbber, and plastics. 

Ceramic-matrix composites are a class of materials designed for stmctural applications at elevated temperature. The response of the composites to the environment is an extremely important issue. The desired temperature range of use for many of these composites is 0.6 to 0.8 of their processing temperature. Exposure at these temperatures will be for many thousands of hours. Therefore, the composite microstmcture must be stable to both temperature and environment. Relatively few studies have been conducted on the high temperature mechanical properties and thermal and chemical stability of ceramic composite materials. 

O. L. Davies and co-workers. The Design andAna/ysis of Industria/Experiments, 2nd ed., Hafner, New York, 1956 reprinted by Longman, New York, 1987. This book, which is a sequel to the authors basic text Statistica/Methods in Eesearch and Production, is directed at industrial situations and chemical appHcations. Three chapters are devoted to factorial experiments and one chapter to fractional factorial plans. A lengthy chapter (84 pp.) discusses the deterrnination of optimum conditions and response surface designs, which are associated with the name of G. Box, one of the seven co-authors. Theoretical material is presented in chapter appendices. 

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