Response time constant

Response time constant 403 Rkster. S. 6-13,655 Return bends, heat exchanger 505 Reversed flow 668 Reversibility, isothermal flow 143 Reversible adiabatic, isentropic flow 148... 

With respect to pH sensitivity and an adequate speed of response (time constant r = RC where R is the resistance of the measuring circuit and C the capacitance of the electrode), a certain degree of superficial swelling is needed however, the gel layer thus formed should remain thin in order to minimize the solubility of the glass and to guarantee sufficient durability of the electrode. In this respect lithium barium silicates offer an attractive compromise32. 

A reminder the controller settings Kc and x are governed by the process parameters and the system response, which we choose. The one and only tuning parameter is the system response time constant xc. 

Figure 4. Raman spectra of methylated silica in the CH stretching region using 1.7 W of laser power at 488.0 nm. The scan rate and response time constant (seconds) were as follows (A) 500 cm"V min, 0.1 s (B) 50 cm 1 /min, 1 s (C) 10 cm 1 /min, 10 s. Curve D shows the IR spectrum recorded with a scan time of 83 cm 1/min and a time constant of Is. The vertical bar represents 3000 Hz for the Raman spectra and a transmittance of 0.20 for the IR spectrum (21).

This value corresponds to a refractive index modulation of An = 2.55 x 10-3. A response time of 42 ms is obtained at an applied field of 61.6 V/pm. The fast response time constant can be attributed to the relatively higher purity and fewer defects in this material, compared to those in polymeric counterparts. 

Figure 4. Sensor response time constant for film (17 nm Ag/330 nm W03/100 nm Pd) over a period of 2 days. The sample was exposed to 5% H2 in air for periods of about 2 minutes, then to dry air. The response time constant was measured away from the SPR, at 800 nm. The fitted curve varies as the square root of time.

The eigenvalues are also known as the natural frequencies of the circuit, which are the reciprocals of the circuit response time constant. The eigenvalues of Equation 2.155 could be real or complex numbers. If the natural frequencies are complex,... 

Figure 2. Dependencies of the response time constant x on H2-concentration in the atmosphere for the Sn02- sensors modified by Mo using different technologies (1, 2).

Evaluation of the data requires time constants for both the heat transfer and diffusion under nonisothermal conditions. It turns out that the initial part of the response curve is mainly determined by the mass transport (transport diffusion), whereas the descending part is mainly governed by the heat transfer. The STIR technique avoids intrusion by the evolution of heat, in that it measures the transient temperature, and has a rapid response (time constant about 10 s). Results obtained for the diffusion of CH3OH into Na-X were essentially consistent with those derived from the ZLC and PFG NMR... 

TABLE 65.1 Comparison of Response Time Constants for Three Major Systems of the Body... 

A multiobjective optimization problem is formulated for the MTBE RD column with respect to economic performance and exergy efficiency. The formulation includes the balance equations 8.1-8.5 and 8.29, the criteria definitions 8.42 and the optimization formulation 8.62. Constraints imposed by operating conditions and product specifications are included. For the sake of controlled built-up of optimization complexity the first approximation of this approach omits the response time constant as objective function. 

Meaningfulness and validity of results. Note that in the current approach a continuous range of disturbances for one input variable is considered for the computation of the responsiveness time constant. In comparison with the generalized definition of... 

The dependence of the PVME response time constant, t = a /ri D, as a function of the temperature is reported in Figure 4.1. By introducing the temperature dependence of the... 

A typical flow control loop is shown in Figure 7.1. This process is very fast responding, and, even for long lengths of pipe, the dead time and the capacitance are very small. Typically, the process response is limited by the valve response (time constant). 

In the very low friction range of friction measurements, however, vibration of the slider arm/pin due to the pulse-drive movement makes the apparent friction force lower as a function of the response time constant and minimum sensitivity of the strain gauge to the applied stress. The apparent... 

We have re-examined the kinetics of proton deposition, following single-turnover flashes to dark-adapted, class C pea chloroplasts, in the time range 1-1000 ms under a variety of conditions, with adequate signal-to-noise and a response time-constant of lOOps. 

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