Resistor single resistors

Our reduced circuit now has only a single resistor with an equivalent resistance of 15 0 as shown in Figure 10.12. 

The output voltage AV is given by the fractional resistance changes in the single resistors ARj/R and the applied voltage V [36] ... 

As shown in Figure 25.5, the electrical resistance between each two adjacent cells is represented by a single resistor whose resistance is obtained from the molar conductivities and the concentrations of the ions that flow through the shared face between both cells. The electrical resistance between the cells (/,/) and (/,/ + 1) is denoted by Rtj o and the one between (/,/) and (/ + l,y) by Rtji. The last subscript indicates if the resistor is in the x direction (0) or in the y direction (1). The values of these resistors are obtained at each time step as the sum of the electrical resistance of the adjacent half cells ... 

If voltages Vp and V2 simulate the chemical driving forces acting on the ions during scaling, the resistors R3 and R2 simulate the scale s resistance to cation and anion migration. Its impedance to electron flow is represented by the single resistor R3 which is shown connected all the way across the scale thickness. 

Electrical Symbols AAVv— Fixed resistor Photo resistor — Variable r istor +1 -. .-N> h- j, l ode Ci acitor r 7 vm K <1 Meter Speaker Solar cell Single-phase motor... 

Resolve the circuit shown in Fig. 2.17 into a single resistor and calculate the potential difference across each resistor. 

The reader can easily imagine an electric circuit where a battery is analogous to the water pump, and two resistors are analogous to the valves shown above. Of course, the flow of electric current would be double that of the case where there is only a single resistor, very similar to the behavior of the water analog. If the voltage is the same but the current is doubled in the two-resistor case, then Ohm s law tells us that the total resistance in the two-resistor case must be half that of the one-resistor case. This is quite intuitive and simple, when both resistors are equal. 

A similar conclusion could also be drawn if the ratedetermining step was the surface incorporation rather than bulk diffusion. As indicated in the equivalent circuit in Fig. 8.15, in the present context both substeps are described by a single resistor Wu)-... 

Even the tight controls in siUcon integrated circuit manufacturing are not yet sufficient to produce absolutely identical sensors on a single wafer. Cahbration of the final product is usually necessary, often by adjusting the value of a circuit element on the IC such as a resistor. The caUbration process can be automated, but it stiU adds to the cost of batch-fabricated sensors. Clever means of self-caUbration, particularly in field use, are constantiy being sought. 

Due to the small amplitude of the superimposed voltage or current, the current-voltage relationship is linear and thus even charge-transfer reactions, which normally give rise to an exponential current-potential dependence (Chapter 4), appear as resistances, usually coupled with a capacitance. Thus any real ohmic resistance associated with the electrode will appear as a single point, while a charge transfer reaction (e.g. taking place at the tpb) will appear ideally as a semicircle, i.e. a combination of a resistor and capacitor connected in parallel (Fig. 5.29). 

The start of the solid-state electronic industry is generally recognized as 1947 when Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories demonstrated the transistor function with alloyed germanium. The first silicon transistor was introduced in 1954 by Texas Instruments and, in 1956, Bell Laboratories produced the first diffused junction obtained by doping. The first-solid state transistor diodes and resistors had a single electrical function and were (and still are) known as discrete devices. 

Integrated circuits (IC s) are circuits in which bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors (FET), resistors, capacitors, and their required connections are combined on a single chip of semiconductor material which is usually made of single-crystal silicon. 

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