Resistance, electrical residual

Electrical Resistivity. Electrical resistivity is composed of contributions from imperfections and impurities, both temperature dependent and temperature independent (residual resistivity), lattice scattering, magnetic interactions and electron-electron interactions (36). 

ITj spd contributions to the total electronic thermal resistivity. As for the electrical resistivity, the residual thermal resistivity, W, dominates at low temperatures. Wq and Po related via the Wiedemann-Franz law (eq. (36)). The temperature dependence of was first calculated in the scope of the Debye approximation by Wilson (see, e.g. Ziman 1960). The dashed line in fig. 2 gives a schematic graph of the temperature variation according to Wilson s formula. For a non-magnetic compound at low temperatures the electronic thermal conductivity can be approximated as... 

Concurrent bombardment during film growth affects film properties such as the film—substrate adhesion, density, surface area, porosity, surface coverage, residual film stress, index of refraction, and electrical resistivity. In reactive ion plating, the use of concurrent bombardment allows the deposition of stoichiometric, high density films of compounds such as TiN, ZrN, and Zr02 at low substrate temperatures. 

Electrical Properties at Low Temperatures The eleciiical resistivity of most pure metalhc elements at ambient and moderately low temperatures is approximately proportional to the absolute temperature. At very low temperatures, however, the resistivity (with the exception of superconductors) approaches a residual value almost independent of temperature. Alloys, on the other hand, have resistivities much higher than those of their constituent elements and resistance-temperature coefficients that are quite low. The electrical resistivity of alloys as a consequence is largely independent of temperature and may often be of the same magnitude as the room temperature value. 

These quantum effects, though they do not generally affect significantly the magnitude of the resistivity, introduce new features in the low temperature transport effects [8]. So, in addition to the semiclassical ideal and residual resistivities discussed above, we must take into account the contributions due to quantum localisation and interaction effects. These localisation effects were found to confirm the 2D character of conduction in MWCNT. In the same way, experiments performed at the mesoscopic scale revealed quantum oscillations of the electrical conductance as a function of magnetic field, the so-called universal conductance fluctuations (Sec. 5.2). 

It should be noted that studying states of order in thermal equilibrium as a function of temperature yields the possibility of measuring the degree of order of a system in values of corresponding equilibrium temperature . This way, the results of residual resistometry are independent of the detailed formalism between state of order and electrical resistivity... 

Dilute gold alloys with Cu, Ag, Ni, Pd, and Pt as absorbers Correlation of isomer shift with residual electrical resistivity, wave function at Fermi level, s--band population of gold... 

Traditional alloy design emphasizes surface and structural stability, but not the electrical conductivity of the scale formed during oxidation. In SOFC interconnect applications, the oxidation scale is part of the electrical circuit, so its conductivity is important. Thus, alloying practices used in the past may not be fully compatible with high-scale electrical conductivity. For example, Si, often a residual element in alloy substrates, leads to formation of a silica sublayer between scale and metal substrate. Immiscible with chromia and electrically insulating [112], the silica sublayer would increase electrical resistance, in particular if the subscale is continuous. 

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