Residue Catalyst Formulation

The advantages of phosphorus addition to catalyst formulations found in patents can be approximately categorized as follows (i) optimization of the catalyst pore structure by addition of phosphorus to be applied with certain types of feedstocks such as residual oil, (ii) optimization of the dispersion of Co(Ni) I Mo-containing phases by the presence of phosphorus, (iii) optimization of synergistic effects resulting from complex chemical combinations of phosphorus and other incorporated elements, (iv) optimization of catalyst preparation by use of specific phosphorus precursors, and (v) the use of phosphorus-containing catalysts under specific reaction conditions or processes as well as their use in combination with other hydrotreating catalysts. 

The first feed to be used in catalytic cracking units was virgin gas oil. However, from the 1970s on, cheaper residual fractions are also used as the cost of erode oil increased. Demand for higher octane ratings, particularly as lead-free gasoline was introduced, led to improvements in catalyst formulation. Later, when residual fractions were added to catalytic cracker feeds, more active catalyst matrices were needed together with additives to absorb poisons and control sulfim emissions. 

Although inhibitors are deliberately added to the silicone formulation to control cure rate, unwanted cure inhibition can be caused by other species that react to form strong complexes with the platinum catalyst. Most notable of these undesired inhibitors include organotin and other organometallic compounds, sulfur, polysulfides, polysulfones or other sulfur-containing materials, amines, urethanes or amine-containing materials, unsaturated hydrocarbons in plasticizers, and some solder flux residues. 

Applications X-ray fluorescence is widely used for direct examination of polymeric materials (analysis of additives, catalyst residues, etc.) from research to recycling, through production and quality control, to troubleshooting. Many problems meet the concentration range in which conventional XRF is strong, namely from ppm upwards. Table 8.42 is merely indicative of the presence of certain additive classes corresponding to elemental analysis element combinations are obviously more specific for a given additive. It should be considered that some 60 atomic elements may be found in polymeric formulations. The XRF technique does not provide any structural information about the analytes detected the technique also has limited utility when... 

Generally speaking, resid FCC (RFCC) catalysts should be very effective in bottoms cracking, be metals tolerant, and coke and dry gas selective. Based on many years of fundamental research and industrial experiences, a series of RFCC catalysts, such as Orbit, DVR, and MLC, have been developed by the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) and successfully commercialized [1]. These catalysts are very effective in paraffinic residue cracking. However, in recent years more and more intermediate-based residue has been introduced into FCC units, and the performances of conventional RFCC catalysts are now unsatisfactory. Therefore, novel zeolites and matrices have been developed to formulate a new generation of RFCC catalysts with improved bottoms cracking activity and coke selectivity. 

STEP 1 Polybutadiene rubber is formulated by feeding butadiene, water, an emulsifier, and catalyst into a glass-lined reactor. This is an exothermic reaction About 80% conversion is achieved in a period of about 50 hours. The residual butadiene monomer is recovered by steam-stripping and recycled. 

The final test that determines if experimental silico-aluminates can be applied in the formulation of FCC catalysts is the evaluation of their catalytic behavior. Materials deactivated for 4 and 8 hours at 788°C in 100% steam were evaluated in a microreactor at 520°C, with a cat/oil ratio of 5, WHSV of 15.82 h using a modified gas oil feedstock with 5 wt. % of atmospheric residue. The material of reference in this study was the kaolinite with no heat nor chemical treatments coded as Filsttq, which typically is used in the formulation of FCC catalysts. Two experimental silico-aluminates, CARB-11 and Filttq, which are the result of thermal and chemical treatments of the Filsttq kaolinite, were evaluated. 

The purpose of the present paper was 10 study the feasibility of using the hydrogenolysis of cyclopentane and the hydrogenation of benzene, typical examples of structure-sensitive and nonstructure-sensitive reactions, to measure the residual activity of specific centers remaining after coke is deposited on supported Ni and Ni-K catalysts. Potassium was chosen as the promoter, for it is often used in the formulation of nickel-based catalyst for steam reforming of naphthas (refs. 2-3). Comparisons between the promoted and unpromoted catalysts were performed at two different extents of metal-support interaction, which were caused by calcination to 400 or 700°C Some attention was paid to changes in selectivity induced by alkali promotion and/or carbon deposition. 

Lubricants are often formulated with additives to enhance the properties for some specific application. The synthetic lubricants may be produced by homogenous catalysts, such as BF3 or AICI3. The homogeneous process has several significant drawbacks, the catalysts are toxic and corrosive, requiring an expensive separation procedure, formation of noticeable amounts of by-product as well as recovery and disposal of the catalyst residues, which can cause environmental problems. 

Tables IV and V compare the predicted and experimental ratios of branched-to-normal molecules for products from iron and cobalt catalysts. Table VI presents the "best values of the growth constants and the overall residual sum of squares, TSQ, for isomers in the range Cg-Cg. The chain-growth schemes generally predict the analytical data reasonably, often to within the experimental uncertainties of separating and identifying molecules in these complex mixtures. Formulating growth schemes that properly predict ethyl species was one of the objectives of this work. Schemes lb, 2c, and 2e for both catalysts and 2d for cobalt predicted significantly lower amounts of ethyl species than observed, and SCG none. The best predicted results were obtained from Schemes la, Ic, 2a, and 2b. TSQ from SCG were calculated excluding ethyl species.

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