Residue analysis, chemistry support

Chemistry support is frequently needed to measure the residues of possible toxic substances such as pesticides in each lot of test organisms before they are used in toxicity tests. The analysis should be extensive enough that the data will document any residues that might interfere with the usefulness of the test. 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

Forensic chemistry is concerned with the application of the principles of chemistry and related sciences to the examination of physical evidence collected at scenes of crimes, e.g. blood stains, paint fragments, bomb residue, clothes, drug samples and hair. The samples could provide conclusive evidence linking a suspect to a crime. Results from chemical analysis are usually conclusive and can be used to support eye witness testimony especially when trials take place many months or even years after the offence. 

Since fosinoprilat development, phosphinic peptide chemistry on solid-support has been exploited to allow easier identification of potent inhibitors for various zinc-metalloproteases. In this review, the synthetic routes to obtain the desired phosphinic peptides are reported, as well as several examples showing that this class of compounds behaves as extremely potent inhibitors toward different subfamilies of zinc-metalloproteases. Moreover, the development of these compounds has stimulated efforts to obtain crystal structures of these inhibitors in interaction with their targets, leading currently to about 111 crystal structures in the protein data bank. Analysis of these structures illustrates how phosphinic peptides, as transition-state analogues, have provided important clues on the active site residues involved in catalytic processes, leading to a global view on the catalytic mechanisms of this class of enzymes. Finally, recent use of phosphinic peptide inhibitors for in vivo studies is discussed. 

---