Reproductive pharmacology

In the absence of pituitary gonadotropins, the gonads fail to develop properly and removal of the pituitary gland causes reproductive failure. 

---

Perkins N R 1999 Equine Reproductive Pharmacology. Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice 15 687-704... 

OT receptors in the hypothalamus are regulated by steroids. OT systems in the CNS are involved in homeostasis, reproduction, and related behavior. OT is also excitatory to neurons in the CNS at nanomolar concentrations (86), but relatively Httle is known about neuronal mechanisms and pharmacology. 

R. E. McConnell, iu M. H. Briggs and E. Dic2falusy eds.. Pharmacological Models in Contraceptive development, WHO Research and Training Center on Human Reproduction, 1974, p. 375. 

Schwetz, B.A., J.F. Quast, P.A. Keeler, C.G. Humiston, and R.J. Kociba. 1978. Results of two-year toxicity and reproduction studies on pentachlorophenol in rats. Pages 301-309 in K.R. Rao (ed.). Pentachlorophenol Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Plenum Press, New York. 

Buelke-Sam J, Bryant HU, Francis PC (1998) The selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene an overview of nonclinical pharmacology and reproductive and developmental testing. Reprod Toxicol 12 217-221... 

Gray, L. E., et al. (1997b). In utero exposure to low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters reproductive development in female Long Evans hooded rat offspring. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 146, 237-244. 

A full set of studies normally includes short-term and long-term animal studies on chronic effects and potential carcinogenicity, studies on reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, kinetics and metabolism, pharmacological properties and special studies depending on the characteristics of the substance and observation in the standard set of studies. Human clinical studies may be necessary for substances which are metabolised and may interfere with functions of the human body. 

In earlier chapters, we discussed the discovery of new drugs. After a lead compound has been identified, it is subjected to a development process to optimize its properties. The development process includes pharmacological studies of the lead compound and its effects on toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive development. These data are important for determining the safety and effectiveness of the lead compound as a potential drug. 

Nonclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section This section is to present data in addition to that included in the IND. Long-term toxicology data are required. The Sponsor is also expected to provide study results of the drug on reproduction and effects on fetuses. 

Pharmacology Vitamin B-12 is essential to growth, cell reproduction, hematopoiesis, nucleic acid, and myelin synthesis. Sources of vitamin B 2 include liver, meat, fish,... 

Pharmacology Dutasteride inhibits the conversion of testosterone to 5 -dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the androgen primarily responsible for the initial development and subsequent enlargement of the prostate gland. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 -reductase, which exists as 2 isoforms, type 1 and type 2. The type 2 isoenzyme is primarily active in the reproductive tissues while the type 1 isoenzyme is also responsible for testosterone conversion in the skin and liver. 

Hughes, S. E., Evason, K., Xiong, C., and Kornfeld, K. (2007). Genetic and pharmacological factors that influence reproductive aging in nematodes. PLoS Genet. 3, 254-265. 

---