Replication within studies

Many other factors besides perceptual illusions could also affect the accuracy of retrospective self-reports. On the other hand, research has identified the conditions that increase the likelihood of accurate self-report data. And the ultimate reason why survey studies of alcohol use have advanced knowledge is that scientists have looked to converging evidence within studies (Do the different sources of data that I ve collected in this study lead me to the same, reasonedsle conclusions ) and replication across studies (Do different researchers doing the same study under different conditions get similar results ) as the main criteria for confidence in their results. 

Even within studies there is not a great deal of consistency in the replication of results (Otto, this volume). 

This report will detail current knowledge of the role of IgE in mediating immunity to helminth parasites. Because IgE responses to helminth infections differ based on chronicity of infection, the life cycle of the parasite, and the parasite s location within the host, it is difficult to apply data from one parasite to those of another, particularly in theorizing about the potential effects of anti-IgE therapy. The report will focus, in particular, on schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis, for which most observational and experimental data have been accumulated to support a protective role for IgE. The latter infection is of particular relevance because of its unusual capacity to replicate within the human host, so-called auto-infection. Although most of the discussion will rely on data from human studies, much of this information is incomplete, and, where appropriate, observations from experimental animal models will be included. 

Determinarion of MW and MWD by SEC using commercial narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene as calibration standards is an ASTM-D5296 standard method for polystyrene (11). However, no data on precision are included in the 1997 edition of the ASTM method. In the ASTM-D3536 method for gel-permeation chromatography from seven replicates, the M of a polystyrene is 263,000 30,000 (11.4%) for a single determination within the 95% confidence level (12). A relative standard deviation of 3.9% was reported for a cooperative determination of of polystyrene by SEC (7). In another cooperative study, a 11.3% relative standard deviation in M, of polystyrene by GPC was reported (13). 

Another kinetic jjhenomenon where Calm s critical waves can possibly be visualized and studied is the replication of interphase boundaries (IPB) illustrated in Figs. 8-10. Similarly to the replication of APBs. it can arise after a two-step quench of an initially uniform disordered alloy. First the alloy is quenched and annealed at temperature T in some two-phase state that can be either metastable or spinodally unstable with respect to phase separation. Varying the annealing time one can grow here precipitates ("droplets ) of a suitable size /. For sufficiently large /, the concentration c(r) within A-riched droplets is close to the equilibrium binodal value C(,(T ) (thin curve in Fig. 9). 

Short replication cycles that may be completed within a few hours, a large amount of viral progeny from one infected host-cell, as well as the general inaccuracy of viral nucleic acid polymerases result in an evolution occurring in fast motion, allowing rapid adaptation of viruses to selective pressures (see chapter by Boucher and Nijhius, this volume). Generalizing, it can be stated that any effective antiviral therapy will lead to the occurrence of resistance mutations. A well studied example... 

Approximately eight pounds of fruit constituted each analytical sample 11, 14), the number of fruits per sample varied from ten to thirty. Fruits were selected at random from within a peripheral band around the tree 3 to 6 feet above the ground. Individual samples were constituted with fruits from six to eight trees and replicate samples were taken from different groups of trees. In some cases, samples of deciduous fruits were collected from three trees and additionally involved a portion of fruit from the upper quarter of the tree. Duplicate, or more generally triplicate, samples were utilized for analyses. All fruits for penetration studies were collected in paper bags, which were immediately stapled to ensure sample integrity. 

Fan et al. [106] developed a high performance capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of primaquine and its trifluoroacetyl derivative. The method is based on the mode of capillary-zone electrophoresis in the Bio-Rad HPE-100 capillary electrophoresis system effects of some factors in the electrophoretic conditions on the separation of primaquine and trifluoroacetyl primaquine were studied. Methyl ephedrine was used as the internal standard and the detection was carried out at 210 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between the ratio of peak area of sample and internal standard and corresponding concentration of sample. The relative standard deviations of migration time and the ratio of peak area of within-day and between-day for replicate injections were <0.6% and 5.0%, respectively. 

---