Renal disease overview

FIGURE 1 Overview of metabolomics approaches in the discovery of cardiovascular and renal disease biomarkers. 

Kshirsagar AV, Joy MS, Hogan SL, et al. Effect of ACE inhibitors in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic renal disease a systematic overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2000 35 695— 707. 

Gibson TP. Renal disease and drug metabolism an overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1986 8 7-17. 

Patient safety is a major concern in health care systems worldwide and has gained increasing attention since the Institute of Medicine published its report To Err Is Human in 1999 [1]. Based on extrapolations of study data, this report estimated that approximately 44,000-98,000 Americans die annually due to adverse events in health care. Patients with serious conditions, multimorbidity, and with intense and fragmented health care utilization, like end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, are at increased risk for suffering adverse events. It is thus vital that clinicians caring for ESRD patients make patient safety a top priority and cooperate on safety with their colleagues within and across other clinical specialties inside and outside the hospital. In this chapter, we will introduce the fundamental terms and concepts of patient safety and present readers an overview of essential data. We describe examples of important innovations which contribute to patient safety and briefly discuss future needs and developments. 

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