Removal of microorganisms

The potential use of immobilised cells in fermentation processes for fuel production has been described previously. If intact microbial cells are directly immobilised, the removal of microorganisms from downstream product can be omitted and the loss of intracellular enzyme activity can be kept to a minimum level.11... 

Maintaining Adequate Fluid Intake and Output Because one adverse reaction of the sulfonamide dragp is altered elimination patterns, it is important that the nurse helps the patient maintain adequate fluid intake and output. The nurse can encourage patients to increase fluid intake to 2000 mL or more a day to prevent crystal-luria and stone formation in the genitourinary tract, as well as to aid in the removal of microorganisms from the urinary tract. It is important to measure and record the intake and output every 8 hours and notify the primary health care provider if the urinary output decreases or the patient fails to increase his or her oral intake... 

Fritsch, J. and Moraru, C. 1. (2007). Development and optimization of a carbon dioxide-aided cold microfiltration process for the physical removal of microorganisms and somatic cells from skim milk. /. Dairy Sci. 91, 3744-3760. 

Vitamins, microorganisms, and enzymes are susceptible to inactivation or destruction in an extruder. Removal of microorganisms and enzymes is desirable in most cases, but vitamin retention is important for nutritional considerations (Bjorck and Asp, 1983). Survival of vitamins increases if moisture is increased and if temperature, screw speed, and specific energy input decrease (Killeit, 1994). Vitamin loss may be compensated by adding more than the necessary amount of preextrusion or by applying a vitamin coating, filling, or spray postextrusion. 

Microorganisms in liquids and gases can be removed by microfiltration hence, air supplied to aerobic fermenters can be sterilized in this way. Membrane filters are often used for the sterihzation of liquids, such as culture media for fermentation (especially for tissue culture), and also for the removal of microorganisms from various fermentation products, the heating of which should be avoided. 

The Complement System Facilitates Removal of Microorganisms and Antigen-Antibody Complexes The Cell-Mediated Response A Separate Response by T Cells... 

Filtration is most effectively employed for the removal of microorganisms from air or other gases. In the case of liquid solutions, it is used with thermolabile medium or products, that is, those easily destroyed by heat, such as human and animal serums and enzymes. 

The product of interest may be produced by either an extracellular or intracellular process relative to the microorganisms. In either of these situations, one of the key steps is the efficient removal of microorganisms or cell debris fi om the fermentation broth. In biotechnology terminology, this step, where cells are separated from the soluble components of the broth, is described as cell harvesting. 

The above flotation when conducted for microscopic size species that are naturally surface ective is called foam flotation. It has been used undar laboratory condilioex for the removal of microorganisms, dyes, and so on. 

Removal of microorganisms from devices usually requires some means of counteracting the forces that retain them on the device [13]. In the simplest technologies, devices may be flushed through with diluent. They may be shaken, either manually or mechanically after immersion in diluent. They may be sonicated. These techniques should not be inimical, and it may be convenient to complete a composite validation technique for physical removal and for the effects of the diluent. 

The first issue in bioburden determination that merits validation is the choice of fluid used in preparatory stages of removal of microorganisms from devices and for suspending, dissolving, and diluting dosage forms. Phosphate buffer pH 7.2. buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0, and lactose broth are recommended in the various compendia. Saline, Rtnger s solution, and... 

Slow sand filtration has been the classical form of biological treatment and it has been used as a means to reduce water-borne outbreaks of typhoid and cholera [30]. A biofilm is formed on the surface of the filter, which removes bacteria, protozoa, viruses and also organic nitrogen. The mechanical process of filtration of the water through the sand bed increases removal of microorganisms as well as various chemical constituents. 

A product s immediate antimicrobial efficacy is a quantitative measurement of both the mechanical removal of microorganisms by washing and the product s ability to rapidly inactivate microorgan-... 

Microporous polymeric membranes are used widely for filtration and purification processes, such as filtration of wastewater, preparation of ultra-pure water, and in medical, pharmaceutical or food applications, including removal of microorganisms, dialysis and protein filtration. 

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