Reinforcement details

Combining High Energy Radiography with the Covermeter and Radar to determine reinforcing details... 

In all blast-resistant structures (steel, concrete, or masonry) special attention should be given to the integrity of connections between structural elements up to the point of maximum response. For example, it is important to prevent premature brittle failure of welded connections to avoid stress concentrations or notches at joints in steel structures and to provide ductile reinforcement detailing in concrete/masonry structure connections. For all materials, it is recommended that connections be designed to be stronger than the connected structural members such that the more ductile member will govern the design over the more brittle connection. 

This process very rapidly raises the molecular weight and introduces crosslinks to set the resin to a rigid, three-dimensional network polymer incorporating the glass fiber reinforcing. Details of the mechanism of the cross-linking process are discussed more fully in Chap. 22. 

The Pushtrusion direct inline process for molding small to large products is accomplished by compounding and injection molding (IM) in a single operation long and/or short fibers from continuous fiber reinforcements. Details are reviewed in Chapter 5 Injection Molding. 

Although ultrasonics in reflection mode may give some information on presence of reinforcement it is not a suitable method for accurate assessment of reinforcement detail. 

Figure 6.1. Reinforcement details and safe structural loads of drilled shafts in compression.

As explained in Chapter 2, most IM parts are made from TP, and some of the TP uses milled glass fibers to improve part performance. Other fibers have seen limited use to date. TS compounds usually include reinforcements. Details on IM and factors that influence machine and mold performance, such as wear and abrasion, are reviewed in Chapter 2. 

The actual mode of failure in the joint is dictated by the geometry of the beam, the column, and the joint, and the amount of reinforcement in the beam, together with reinforcement detailing of the joint. 

Ibrahim A, Mahmood M (2009) Finite element modeling of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates. Eur J Sci Res 30(4) 526-541. ISSN 1450-216 Johansson M (1996) New reinforcement detailing in concrete frame comers of civil defense shelters non-linear finite element analyses and experiments. Licentiate thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Concrete Structures, Gothenburg, Sweden Li B, Kulkami SA (2010) Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete exterior wide beam-column joints. J Struct Eng ASCE 136(l) 26-36... 

Fig. 17.2 (a) Reinforcement details for beams, (b) Reinforcement details for columns... 

In the second detail, longer dowels were used to act both as dowels and as anchorage of the web panel to the surrounding frame to this end, the dowels are considered as lap-spliced with the nearest - smaller diameter - web bars. However, in this case, the clear distance between the dowel and the nearest web bar violates the maximum clear distance of 50 mm or 4 between lapped bars, as specified in Eurocode 2 (CEN 2004). This detail was used to coimect the wall at the top beam and west column at the 1st and 2nd floors of the north wall (Fig. 17.4a), while for the south frame it was used to coimect the wall at the top beam of the 1st and 2nd floors, and the east and west columns of the 1st and 2nd fioors, respectively. In the 3rd floor of both the north and south frames only the second detail was used, while for the 4th floor only two dowels per wall interface were used to provide safety against out of plane falling of the wall. The reinforcement details for the dowels and the starter bars are shown in Table 17.1. The completed wall reinforcement (including web, starter bars and dowels) for the 1st floor of the north wall is shown in Fig. 17.4b. In all cases the dowels were positioned along the centreline of the elements (i.e. at 0.125 m fi om the face of the wall). 

Pad plates for reinforcements, details of welded joints, lifting lugs, support lugs, electrode materials... 

The abutment section, footing and wingwall reinforcing details are shown in Figure 6.18. 

FIGURE 6.18 Abutment reinforcement details (example), (a) Abutment-typica section, (b) Wingwall reinforcement. 

Additional reinforcement details from the British code are given in Figs. 9.18 and 9.24. 

Confirm the side-face-blow-out failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete elements at the anchor head and provide recommendations for reinforcement details and locations relative to the anchor head... 

Based on the above observations, this report will identify the critical steps in anchorage design and make recommendations for providing reinforcing details for safe and economical designs. 

The designer shall be responsible for performing periodic structural observation of the retrofitting works at significant stages of construction like temporary propping, demolitions, reinforcements, details, etc. This procedure should be in addition to any special inspection and testing. 

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