Refuelling methods

Plant Method used within primary vessel 

Fermi (USA) VM, fixed exit port, RP with offset mechanism 

BREST-OD-300 (Russian Federation) 2RP+VM+rotating mechanism +horizontal transfer mechanism 

Plant Methods used to store spent fuel Method used to handle fuel outside primary vessel 

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Melaina, M. W. (2007). Turn of the century refueling a review of innovations in early gasoline refueling methods and analogies for hydrogen. Energy Policy, 35 (10), 4919-4934. 

Since the plasma is in part pumped away by the divertor, efficient refueling is necessary in order to keep a constant plasma density. An adequate refueling method has to maintain a sufficiently low rate of production of charge exchange neutrals. The possible effects of the divertor on the MHD-stability of Tokamak plasmas and a detailed understanding of the processes in the scrape-off layer require further investigations. 

The number of fuel bundle per each fuel channel is the same, but they are surely less than 12 bundles as used in CANDU and they are not subject to daily refuelling methods. Fuel managem t patterns will be defined through bum up calculation. One third of the fuel channel will be unloaded and loaded at the end of a cycle and due to the fuel management patt defined before, out-in shuffling is undertaken. The fuel bundles in the fuel channel will look like as follows ... 

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). 

LESF (Figure 3.4.5-5), exemplified for the large LOCA, is compared with SELF. Event tree headings are the refueling water storage tank (RWST) a passive component, an engineered safety system (SA-1) and four elements of the containment system. Other examples of the LESF method show human error in the event tree while the criteria for system success is usually in the tan It tree analysis. 

The Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project (JHFC), summarized in Fig. 4-13, is a program set up by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in March 2003. In this program, hydrogen refueling facilities with different types of fuel and production methods will be tested. Vehicles from five automakers are taking part in this project, including Toyota s FCHV and fuel cell bus. 

Scatter refueling. Flux peaking can be reduced by a different method of partial batch replacement, called scatter refueling, which is illustrated by Fig. 3.8. In this method, fuel is... 

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