Scatter refueling

Scatter refueling. Flux peaking can be reduced by a different method of partial batch replacement, called scatter refueling, which is illustrated by Fig. 3.8. In this method, fuel is... 

These advantages of scatter refueling may be expressed somewhat more quantitatively by considering how the reactivity p of fuel changes with bumup B. To a fair approximation, reactivity decreases linearly with bumup ... 

To find the re activity-limited bumup of fuel in n-zone scatter refueling, B , note that at the end of life, the freshest nth fraction of fuel will have had bumup of approximately fi /n, the next older nth fraction 2fi /n, etc., and the oldest nth fraction, ready for discharge, will have reached B bumup. The reactivity of this mixture of fuel is... 

The ratio of the reactivity change per cycle in n-zone scatter refueling to the amount in simple batch irradiation is... 

Watt [W2] has used the computer codes CELL and CORE to evaluate the reactivity-limited bumup of a 1060-MWe PWR operated with modified scatter refueling as a function of the... 

Figure 3.11 Reactivity-limited burn-up versus number of fuel zones for various feed enrichments, 1060-MWe PWR, modified scatter refueling, steady state.

This refueling pattern is somewhat similar to modified scatter refueling. The maximum relative power, at 5DG and 5GD, is now 1.36. The average bumup in cycle 3 is 9894 MWd/MT. The total thermal energy is 866.5 GWd or 20,796 X 10 kWh. 

The 1060-MWe PWR discussed in Sec. 3.4 is to be operated with steady, four-zone modified scatter refueling, with 1.0 year between successive refuelings. The availability-based capacity factor is 0.8 and the refueling downtime is 0.15 year. The reactor fuel inventory is 88.961 MT heavy metal. 

Hydrogen filling stations like this are now scattered in Europe, the U.S. and Japan. These are the first prototypes of an infrastructure with about 70 hydrogen refueling stations operating worldwide. The California... 

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