Refrigeration shipping conditions

Where the distance to the customer is very large, or where a gas pipeline would have to cross too many countries, gas may be shipped as a liquid. Gas has to be chilled to -160°C in a LNG plant to keep it in liquid form, and is shipped in refrigerated tankers. To condition the gas for liquefaction any COj, HjS, water and heavier hydrocarbons must be removed, by the methods already discussed. The choice of how much propane and butane to leave in the LNG depends upon the heating requirements negotiated with the customer. 

Plasticized PVB interlayer is hygroscopic. In addition, Ts are in the neighborhood of 30°C thus, interlayer tends to adhere to itself, or block, when roUs or stacks of cut blanks are stored at ambient conditions. For these reasons handling and shipping must be carried out under controUed humidity and at temperatures weU below the sheet s T. Precut interlayer blanks and roUs are usually stored or shipped refrigerated (3—I0°C), and when roUs need to be stored or shipped at ambient conditions, the sheet is interleaved with a thin sheet of nonadhering plastic such as polyethylene. 

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Interlayer with gradient color bands are made for automobile windshields (81-83). The band is printed on the interlayer surface or tinted by coextrusion with pigmented resin. Curvature for a windshield is accomplished by differentially stretching sheet heated at about 85-100°C over a tapered shaping drum. Rolls of sheet or precut interlayer blanks are usually stored or shipped refrigerated at 3-10°C, or shipped at ambient conditions with an interleaved thin sheet of plastic such as polyethylene to prevent blocking. 

Under the appropriate regulations, nitrous oxide is shipped as a refrigerated liquid, typically 0°F and 268 psig (—17°C and 1848 kPa), and as a liquefied compressed gas in high-pressure cylinders under ambient conditions. [7] and [8] See Table 2 concerning the vapor pressure and temperature properties of nitrous oxide. 

Transportation of perishable products such as food and blood require containers equipped with atmosphere-control technologies that can extend the shelf life of perishable products and thus expand the types of perishables that can be shipped in refrigerators without spoilage. Another technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) with wireless sensors that detect the condition of products (such as food) and transmit the information to the RFID, and the RFID communicates with the computer system. It ensures the products quality during transportation from farms to consumers. Once products with low quality or in a deteriorating condition are detected, appropriate actions such as removing the bad products can be taken immediately in the distribution centers. 

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