Refraction coefficients method

Applying these refraction coefficients and the incoming wave, the node voltages in Figure 1.46 are calculated at every time step by using the refraction coefficient method discussed in Sections 1.6.3.1 and 1.6.3.2 ... 

Ametani, A. 1973. Refraction coefficient method for switching surge calculations on untransposed transmission line. IEEE PES1973 Summer Meeting, C73-444-7, Vancouver, CA. 

Ametani, A. 1973. Modified traveling-wave techniques to solve electrical transients on lumped and distributed constant circuits Refraction-coefficient method. Proc. lEE 120(2) 497-504. 

Fig. la-f. The mutual diffusion coefficient (D22)v of dextran as a function of dextran concentration for a dextran T10 (Mw 1(f), b dextran T20 (M 2 x 1(f), c dextran T70 (Mw 7 x 10 ), d dextran FDR7783 (Mw 1.5 x 105), e dextran T500 (Mw 5 x10s), and f dextran T2000 (Mw 2x 106) 0,valuesofD22obtainedbymeasurementofthebyconcentrationgradientrelaxation as monitored by refractive index methods ( ), values of D22 obtained by photon correlation spectroscopy. Data obtained from ref. and unpublished work. For earlier studies of dextran mutual... 

It should be pointed out that the NBF equivalent thickness hw is 7.6 nm while after Cei,cr, hw = 8.1 nm. The small difference in NBF thickness cannot be treated quantitatively but is an indications that there is no free aqueous core in the NBF. Assuming the three-layer film structure, refraction coefficient of tetradecane ri = 1.43, and, refraction coefficient of water, m = 1.33, on the basis of X-ray diffraction, neutron scattering and NMR data [289], we obtain hi = 1.6 nm. Hence, h2 = 3.8 nm and the total film thickness h2 + 2h equals 7.0 nm. This value is close to the results obtained by a completely different method for the thickness of two hydrated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers - 6.8 nm, reported by Marra [290]. 

Note that in liquid phase chromatography there are no detectors that are both sensitive and universal, that is, which respond linearly to solute concentration regardless of its chemical nature. In fact, the refractometer detects all solutes but it is not very sensitive its response depends evidently on the difference in refractive indices between solvent and solute whereas absorption and UV fluorescence methods respond only to aromatics, an advantage in numerous applications. Unfortunately, their coefficient of response (in ultraviolet, absorptivity is the term used) is highly variable among individual components. 

Ellipsometry is a method of measuring the film thickness, refractive index, and extinction coefficient of single films, layer stacks, and substrate materials with very high sensitivity. Rough surfaces, interfaces, material gradients and mixtures of different materials can be analyzed. 

The refractive index of a film or a substrate material can be measured with a sensitivity better than 5 x 10, the best available for non-invasive optical measurement methods, especially for thin films. The extinction coefficient can be measured with almost the same sensitivity, which corresponds to a lower limit of 10-100 cm for the absorption coefficient of the material. 

Fig. 2.14 The scheme of the cylindrical lens method for diffusion coefficient measurement (1) the source with the horizontal slit (2) the condenser supplying a handle of parallel beams (3) the cuvette with a refraction index gradient where the beams are deflected (4) the objective lens focusing the parallel beams to a single point (5) the optical member with an oblique slit and a cylindrical lens (6) the photosensitive material...

Tse, G., Orbey, H., and Sandler, S.I. Infinite dilution activity coefficients and Henry s law coefficients of some priority water pollutants determined by a relative gas chromatographic method, Environ. Sci Tecbnol, 25(10) 2017-2022, 1992. Tsierkezos, N.G., Kelarakis, A.E., and Palaiologou, M.M. Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of dimethyl sulfoxide + butyl acetate mixtures at (293.15, 303.15, and 313.15) K, /. Chem. Eng. Data, 45(2) 395-398, 2000. Tsierkezos, N.G. and Molinou, I.E. Densities and viscosities of ethylene glycol mixtures at 293.15 K, /. Chem. Eng. Data, 44(5) 955-958, 1999. 

Here E is the solute excess molar refractivity, S is the solute dipolarity/ polarizability A and B are the overall or summation hydrogen-bond acidity and basicity, respectively and V is the McGowan characteristic volume lower-case letters stand for respective coefficients which are characteristic of the solvent, c is the constant. By help of sfafisfical methods like the principal component analysis and nonlinear mapping, the authors determined the mathematical distance (i.e., measure of dissimilarify) from an IL fo seven conventional solvents immiscible with water. It appears that the closest to the IL conventional solvent is 1-octanol. Even more close to IL is an aqueous biphasic system based on PEG-200 and ammonium sulfate (and even closer are ethylene glycol and trifluoroethanol, as calculated for hypofhefical water-solvenf sysfems involving fhese solvenfs). 

An approach widely used by atmospheric scientists is to infer the imaginary part of the refractive index k from measurements of the absorption coefficient a of particulate samples. Diffuse reflection, the photoacoustic effect, and integrating plates have been used for determining absorption even in the presence of considerable scattering these methods are discussed briefly in the following section. The relation (2.52) between a and k, a - 4nk/, is, of course, strictly valid only for homogeneous media. But under some circum-... 

Glass transition temperature is one of the most important parameters used to determine the application scope of a polymeric material. Properties of PVDF such as modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, dielectric constant and loss, heat capacity, refractive index, and hardness change drastically helow and above the glass transition temperature. A compatible polymer blend has properties intermediate between those of its constituents. The change of glass transition temperature has been a widely used method to study the compatibility of polymer blends. Normally, the glass transition temperatme of a compatible polymer blend can be predicted by the Gordon-Taylor relation ... 

The methods of measuring the liquid phase properties were described previously [1], It was observed that heat was evolved during the preparation of all these mixtures. It should be mentioned that the electrical conductivities of the sulphuric acid-nitromethane mixtures were not constant, but were found to increase with time. Reliable data could therefore not be obtained. This is due to the fact that nitromethane reacts with sulphuric acid in dilute solutions, as has been recently discussed by Gillespie and Solomons [6]. All other properties of these mixtures were constant at 25° and measurements were restricted to this temperature. For the other four systems the viscosity, electrical conductivity and density were investigated at two temperatures 25° and 40°), because of the importance of the temperature coefficients of viscosity and electrical conductivity. The refractive indexes were measured only at 25°. The investigation of the liquid phase properties of the system with p-nitro toluene at these temperatures was possible only up to 50 mole % of p-nitrotoluene, i.e. until the solutions became saturated with respect to p-nitrotoluene. The refractive indexes of these solutions were not measured. 

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