Reforming mode

Figure 226. Concept of a zero C02 emission vehicle using a thermally regenerative reformer (a) conventional reforming, (b) proposed thermally regenerative reforming, (b-1) reforming mode, (b-2) regenerating and C02 recovering mode [6]...

The plasma reformer efficiency reached 12.3% and 26% in gasoline auto thermal and steam reforming regimes, respectively. The typical composition of the effluent gas from the reformer operating in steam reforming mode was (vol%) H2—28.7, CO—15, C02—3, and CH4—40. 

Fig. 14.8 Schematic representation of sorption-enhanced reforming. The topmost reactor is in reforming mode, the bottom one is being regenerated using steam.

Air flows required at the burner for meeting the appropriate hot gas temperatures in the various zones are nearly five times that required for operation in reforming mode at rated power. 

Emission data will be used to assess on-road emissions from fuel cell vehicles and will be characterized in terms of cold-start on reforming modes. Current fuel processor technologies are not configured to follow a vehicle load and may be... 

Initially MRC should be read in the multiplanar reformation mode, scrolling through the contrast-enhanced 3D data set in all three orthogonal planes. Whenever a mass protruding from the colonic wall is detected, the identical part of the colon should be analysed on the pre-contrast scan. Increase in signal intensity within the mass can aid in differentiating between residual stool particles and colorectal lesions while colorectal lesions always show strong enhancement, residual stools never show any contrast uptake (Fig. 17.8b,c). 

The revitalization of chemistry education has received much recent attention and taken many forms. Modes of teaching, textbooks, laboratory instruction— all aspects of the chemistry curriculum have undergone scrutiny for reform. A recent National Science Foundation report, Shaping the Future New Expectations for Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology characterizes the nature of the most successful curricular and pedagogical improvements ... 

Fig. 15.2 Cost of hydrogen fuel for five different modes of production, distribution and retail. All options other than electrolysis are NC-based for on-site reforming and electrolysis the cost for hydrogen manufacture is included in the retail-site costs.

Experimental results concerning the development of a small-scale 1 kW autothermal reformer of propane were reported by Rampe et al. [76]. In the proposed reactor, two reactions occur on a metal honeycomb structure coated with platinum. Air and water are mixed before they are fed to the reactor in counterflow to the product gas outside the reactor wall, where the water is vaporized and the steam and air are heated up. Then, they are mixed with propane at the bottom of the reactor. It was verified that the preheating operation mode led to about a 4% higher efficiency, since the higher inlet air temperature causes a higher temperature level in the reaction zone, resulting in improved kinetics of the reforming reaction. 

Flexibility regarding the mode of chemical reaction (oxidizing, reducing, steam reforming, cracking)... 

Applications/Types of Reforming. - The type of reformer has a significant impact on overall efficiency and operating characteristics of a fuel cell system. Reformers can either be thermally activated or catalytic. The processes considered in this chapter are limited to catalytic. Depending on fuel, mode... 

Among three predominant modes of reforming, POX is more prone to coking, but SR is more difficult to operate and requires more equipment. ATR is a good compromise because of anode-recycle potential. A portion of... 

The reforming process model is designed to predict the performance of many reactor configurations. The model can be run in four modes, combining adiabatic or isothermal reactors with recycle or single-pass (no recycle)... 

The greatest advantage is the electrocatalytic mode of oxidation. In chemical oxidations the reduced form of the oxidant is obtained as by-product. This needs a careful waste treatment to prevent pollutional problems or it has to be regenerated in an additional reaction. At the nickel hydroxide electrode, however, nickel oxide hydroxide is continuously reformed from the hydroxide, so that only electric current is used as reagent. This makes this oxidation also of interest for technical applications. 

Steam reformers are used industrially to produce syngas, i.e., synthetic gas formed of CO, CO2, 11-2, and/or hydrogen. In this section we present models for both top-fired and side-fired industrial steam reformers by using three different diffusion-reaction models for the catalyst pellet. The dusty gas model gives the simplest effective method to describe the intermediate region of diffusion and reaction in the reformer, where all modes of transport are significant. This model can predict the behavior of the catalyst pellet in difficult circumstances. Two simplified models (A) and (B) can also be used, as well as a kinetic model for both steam reforming and methanation. The results obtained for these models are compared with industrial results near the thermodynamic equilibrium as well as far from it. 

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