Reformer ethanol

Seventy-five percent of the ethoxy groups recombine with the surface hydrogen to reform ethanol as the reverse of reaction (32). The remaining twenty-five percent are stable to 500 K. In fact, these ethoxides were irreversibly formed when exposed to water at low temperature, they did not... 

Ethanol reforming - Ethanol has 13%wt of hydrogen may be the best production method in the long term and not electrolysis with renewable-enei y. 

The octane number R + M jT) of such reformates is typically in the range of 88.9—94.5, depending on severity of the reforming operation. Toluene itself has a blending octane number of 103—106, which, as shown in Table 19, is exceeded only by oxygenated compounds such as methyl tert-huty ether, ethanol, and methanol. 

CH3)2. CH.CH2.CH3 mw 72.15, colorl liq, mp -159.9°, bp 27.85°, d 0.6201 g/cc at 20/4°, RI 1.35370. Sol in ethanol, ether, hydrocarbons and oils, insol in w. First prepd by Frankland in 1850 by treating iso-amyl iodide with Zn in w at 140° (Ref 2). It was isolated by Young from American petroleum (Ref 3). Present methods of prepn include fractional distn of petroleum and subsequent purification of the crude isopentane by rectification, as well as cracking and reforming of crude oil components and natural gasolines in oil refineries (Refs 4 7)... 

Ethanol is a nontoxic substance with relatively high H2 content, and its advantage is that it can be produced from renewable sources, for example, from various biomasses and wastes. In addition, purification of the produced reforming gas has been of interest to researchers. Hydrogen purification has been studied, for instance, with membranes [19] which can also have catalytic performances. 

Poisoning of platinum fuel cell catalysts by CO is undoubtedly one of the most severe problems in fuel cell anode catalysis. As shown in Fig. 6.1, CO is a strongly bonded intermediate in methanol (and ethanol) oxidation. It is also a side product in the reformation of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and as such blocks platinum sites for hydrogen oxidation. Not surprisingly, CO electrooxidation is one of the most intensively smdied electrocatalytic reactions, and there is a continued search for CO-tolerant anode materials that are able to either bind CO weakly but still oxidize hydrogen, or that oxidize CO at significantly reduced overpotential. 

Ethanol can be derived from biomass by means of acidic/enzymatic hydrolysis or also by thermochemical conversion and subsequent enzymatic ethanol formation. Likewise for methanol, hydrogen can be produced from ethanol with the ease of storage/transportation and an additional advantage of its nontoxicity. Apart from thermodynamic studies on hydrogen from ethanol steam reforming,117-119 catalytic reaction studies were also performed on this reaction using Ni-Cu-Cr catalysts,120 Ni-Cu-K alumina-supported catalysts,121 Cu-Zn alumina-supported catalysts,122,123 Ca-Zn alumina-supported catalysts,122 and Ni-Cu silica-supported catalysts.123... 

Garcia, E. Y. Laborde, M. A., Hydrogen production by the steam reforming of ethanol Thermodynamic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 1991,16(5), 307-312. 

Vasudeva, K. Mitra, N. Umasankar, P. Dhingra, S. C., Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 1996,21(1), 13-18. 

Fishtik, I. Alexander, A. Datta, R. Geana, D., A thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol via response reactions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2000,25, 31-45. 

Cavallaro, S. Freni, S., Ethanol steam reforming in a molten carbonate fuel cell. A preliminary kinetic investigation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 1996, 21, 465-469. 

Verykios, X., Process for the Production of Hydrogen and Electrical Energy from Reforming of Bio-ethanol (Int. Pat. WO 99/61369). 1998. 

Aromex A process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum reformate by extrachon with diglycolamine (also called [2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol], and DGA). Developed by Howe-Baker Engineers. See also Econamine. 

Advances in catalysis and processes for hydrogen production from ethanol 65 reforming... 

In addition to achieving a closed carbon loop, the use of ethanol as a H2 source offers additional advantages of safety and ease of handling, storage, and transportation. Ethanol is non-toxic to humans at trace concentrations in water. Another advantage is that ethanol could be easily reformed catalytically into H2 gas compared to hydrocarbon fuels. 

H2 production from ethanol (as well as methanol) employs these methodologies either as such or after slight modifications, especially in the ATR process, wherein a separate combustion zone is usually not present (Scheme 3). A mixture of ethanol, steam and 02 with an appropriate ethanol steam 02 ratio directly enters on the catalyst bed to produce syngas at higher temperature, around 700 °C.18,22 The authors of this review believe that under the experimental conditions employed, both steam reforming and partial oxidation could occur on the same catalyst surface exchanging heats between them to produce H2 and carbon oxides. The amount of 02 may be different from what is required to achieve the thermally neutral operation. Consequently the reaction has been referred to as an oxidative steam reforming... 

Oxidative Steam Reforming (OSR) / Autothermal Reforming of Ethanol... 

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