Refluxing capsules

The effect of a boiling-condensing liquid metal on its container material is most easily studied in a refluxing capsule experiment. The capsule design illustrated in Fig. 11 was used for evaluating the effect of refluxing potassium on refractory metals. A 300 mm capsule containing machined insert specimens in the condenser section was half filled with potassium and heated. Liquid metal vaporizes, condenses in the water-cooled upper section of the capsule, and... 

DiStefano, J. R. and DeVan, J. H., Refluxing Capsule Experiment with Refractory Metals and Boiling Alkali Metals, Nuclear Applications Technology, Vol. 8, January 1970, pp. 29-44. 

Refluxing capsule tests indicated surface dissolution and severe attack on tantalum after 720 h at 982 and 1371°C, respectively. In contrast, the same tests with Ta-10% W alloy exposed at 1150°C for 528 h showed no mass... 

In static tests, tantalum showed good resistance to mercury to temperatures of 600°C. Refluxing capsule tests showed no attack up to 760°C. The excellent corrosion resistance of tantalum to mercury was further verified in a two-phase natural circulation loop test that ran for 19,975 h with a boiling temperature of 649°C and a superheat temperature of 704°C. Posttest evaluation of the loop showed no corrosion. 

Peppermint oil is widely advocated it acts as an antispas-modic agent due to its ability to relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle. However, it also relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, which could allow reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The usual dose is 1 to 2 enteric-coated capsules containing 0.2 mL of peppermint oil two to three times daily. 

Omeprazole (p. 167) can cause maximal inhibition of HCl secretion. Given orally in gastric juice-resistant capsules, it reaches parietal cells via the blood. In the acidic milieu of the mucosa, an active metabolite is formed and binds covalently to the ATP-driven proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) that transports H+ in exchange for IC into the gastric juice. Lansoprazole and pantoprazole produce analogous effects. The proton pump inhibitors are first-line drugs for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

To investigate the colouring matter added,1 15-20 grams of the butter are boiled in a reflux apparatus with about 40 c.c. of methyl alcohol. When thoroughly cold (best in ice) the liquid is filtered and to the residue from a few drops of the alcoholic solution evaporated in a porcelain capsule is added drop by drop down the side of the dish, cone, sulphuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid, the colour manifested being observed. 

There were no differences in the incidence of middle and distal duodenum lesions (14). Esophageal ulceration with bleeding was reported in an elderly woman with esophageal dysmotility (SEDA-17, 112). Esophageal symptoms and esophageal ulcers were reported with naproxen sodium tablets (as opposed to capsules) for over-the-counter use (SEDA-22, 111). Naproxen did not cause reflux and had no significant effect on motility in healthy subjects (15). 

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