Reflux fetal

Anderson NG, Wright S, Abbott GD, Wells JE, Mogridge N (2003) Fetal renal pelvic dilatation poor predictor of familial vesico-ureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 18 902-905... 

Stock JA, Wilson D, Hanna MK (1998) Congenital reflux nephropathy and severe unilateral fetal reflux. J Urol 160, Pt 2 1017-1018... 

Ureteral dilatation, or hydroureter, is a frequent cause of a dilatation of the fetal urinary tract. Under normal conditions, on fetal or postnatal US, the normal ureter is not visualized. Once it is visible (Fig. 5.20), a urinary tract dilatation is present and must be investigated (Keller and Weiss 1993). The presence of a dilated ureter may correspond to primary megaureter (MU), to refluxing MU (see Chap. 11), to nonobstructive nonrefluxing hydro-ureter, or to secondary hydroureter. The various imaging techniques will be necessary in order to differentiate between these entities. 

The so-called reflux nephropathy (RN) of the lower pole is commonly associated with VUR. It may be present already at birth with no pre-existing urinary tract infection (fetal RN). VUR may occur simultaneously in both moieties this implies that the ureteral openings within the bladder are very close or even common. VUR that flows into the upper pole usually only corresponds to an ectopic ureteral opening into the urethra close to the bladder neck (Bissett and Strife 1987). 

Avni EF, Schulman CC (1996) The origin of vesico-ureteric reflux in male newborns further evidence in favour of a transient fetal urethral obstruction. Br J Radiol 78 454-459... 

Reflux in Case of Other Uropathies 225 Fetal Reflux, Ascites, and Pop-Off Mechanisms 225... 

Complications of VUR 228 Fetal Reflux Nephropathy 229 Imaging Reflux Nephropathy and the Progression of Renal Disease 229... 

Fig. 11.31. Fetal reflux nephropathy. MR urography shows a small left kidney in a 2-month-old baby boy with VUR (SPIR T2 sequence)...

Marra G, Barbieri G, Moioli C et al (1994) Mild fetal hydrone-phrosis indicating VUR. Arch Dis Child 70 147-150 Marshall FF, Jeffs RD, Sarafyan WK (1979) Urogenital sinus abnormalities in the female patient. J Urol 122 568-572 Matsumo T, Fukushima Motoyama H, Higushi E et al (1996) Color flow imaging for detection of VUR. Lancet 347 757 Matsuoka H, Oshima K, Sakamoto K et al (1994) Renal pathology in patients with reflux nephropathy. Eur Urol 26 153-159... 

Wyly JB, Lebowitz RL (1984) Refluxing urethral ectopic ureters recognition by the cyclic VCU. AJR 142 1263-1267 Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK et al (1997) The characteristics of primary VUR in male and female infants with prenatal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80 319-327 Yu TJ, Chen W, Chen HY (1997) Early versus late surgical management of fetal reflux nephropathy. J Urol 157 1416-1419... 

Scott JES, Renwick M (1999) Screening for fetal urological abnormalities how effective BJU Int 84 693-700 Scott JES, Lee REJ, Hunter EW et al (1991) Ultrasound screening of newborn urinary tract. Lancet 338 1571-1573 Scott JES, Wright B, Wilson G et al (1995) Measuring the fetal kidney with ultrasonography. Br J Urol 76 769-774 Selzman AA, Elder JS (1995) Contralateral vesicoureteral reflux in children with a multicystic kidney. JUrol 153 1252-1254... 

Tapia J, Gonzalez R (1995) Pyeloplasty improves renal function and somatic growth in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. J Urol 154 218-222 Thomas DFM (1990) Fetal uropathy. Br J Urol 66 225-231 Tibballs JM, De Bruyn R (1996) Primary vesicoureteric reflux how useful is postnatal ultrasound Arch Dis Child 75 444-447... 

Cooper CS, Chung BI, Kirsch AJ et al (2000) The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 163 269-272 Dejter SW Jr, Gibbons MD (1989) The fate of infant kidneys with fetal hydronephrosis but initially normal postnatal sonography. J Urol 142 661-662 Dhillon HK (1998) Prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis the Great Ormond Street experience. BJU Int 81 (Suppl 2) 39-44... 

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