Nephropathy fetal reflux

Complications of VUR 228 Fetal Reflux Nephropathy 229 Imaging Reflux Nephropathy and the Progression of Renal Disease 229... 

Fig. 11.31. Fetal reflux nephropathy. MR urography shows a small left kidney in a 2-month-old baby boy with VUR (SPIR T2 sequence)...

Wyly JB, Lebowitz RL (1984) Refluxing urethral ectopic ureters recognition by the cyclic VCU. AJR 142 1263-1267 Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK et al (1997) The characteristics of primary VUR in male and female infants with prenatal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80 319-327 Yu TJ, Chen W, Chen HY (1997) Early versus late surgical management of fetal reflux nephropathy. J Urol 157 1416-1419... 

Stock JA, Wilson D, Hanna MK (1998) Congenital reflux nephropathy and severe unilateral fetal reflux. J Urol 160, Pt 2 1017-1018... 

The so-called reflux nephropathy (RN) of the lower pole is commonly associated with VUR. It may be present already at birth with no pre-existing urinary tract infection (fetal RN). VUR may occur simultaneously in both moieties this implies that the ureteral openings within the bladder are very close or even common. VUR that flows into the upper pole usually only corresponds to an ectopic ureteral opening into the urethra close to the bladder neck (Bissett and Strife 1987). 

Marra G, Barbieri G, Moioli C et al (1994) Mild fetal hydrone-phrosis indicating VUR. Arch Dis Child 70 147-150 Marshall FF, Jeffs RD, Sarafyan WK (1979) Urogenital sinus abnormalities in the female patient. J Urol 122 568-572 Matsumo T, Fukushima Motoyama H, Higushi E et al (1996) Color flow imaging for detection of VUR. Lancet 347 757 Matsuoka H, Oshima K, Sakamoto K et al (1994) Renal pathology in patients with reflux nephropathy. Eur Urol 26 153-159... 

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